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Isaías 28

BLIVRE · Chapter 28/66

1Ai da coroa de arrogância dos bêbados de Efraim, cujo belo ornamento é [como] uma flor que murcha, que está sobre a cabeça do vale fértil dos derrotados pelo vinho.

2Eis que o Senhor tem um valente e poderoso, [que vem] como tempestade de granizo, tormenta destruidora; e como tempestade de impetuosas águas que inundam; com [sua] mão ele [os] derrubará em terra.

3A coroa de arrogância dos bêbados de Efraim será pisada sob os pés.

4E o seu belo ornamento, que está sobre a cabeça do vale fértil, será como a flor que murcha; como o primeiro fruto antes do verão, que, quando alguém o vê, pega e o come.

5Naquele dia o SENHOR dos exércitos será por coroa gloriosa, e por bela tiara, para os restantes de seu povo;

6E por espírito de juízo, para o que se senta para julgar, e por fortaleza aos que fazem a batalha recuar até a porta [da cidade] .

7Mas também estes vacilam com o vinho, e com a bebida alcoólica perdem o caminho: o sacerdote e o profeta vacilam com a bebida alcoólica, foram consumidos pelo vinho; perdem o caminho pela bebida forte, andam confusos na visão, [e] tropeçam no ato de julgar;

8Pois todas as [suas] mesas estão cheias de vômito; não há lugar que não haja imundície.

9A quem ele ensinará o conhecimento? E a quem se explicará a mensagem? A bebês recém-desmamados de leite, tirados dos peitos?

10Pois [tudo] tem sido mandamento sobre mandamento, mandamento sobre mandamento, regra sobre regra, regra sobre regra; um pouco aqui, um pouco ali.

11Pois por lábios estranhos e por língua estrangeira se falará a este povo;

12Ao qual dissera: Este é o [lugar de] descanso; dai descanso ao cansado; e este é o repouso; porém não quiseram ouvir.

13Assim, pois, a palavra do SENHOR lhes será mandamento sobre mandamento, mandamento sobre mandamento, regra sobre regra, regra sobre regra; um pouco aqui, um pouco ali; para que vão, e caiam para trás, e se quebrem, e sejam enlaçados e capturados.

14Portanto ouvi a palavra do SENHOR, vós homens escarnecedores, dominadores deste povo, que está em Jerusalém;

15Pois dizeis: Fizemos um pacto com a morte, e com o Xeol fizemos um acordo: quando passar a abundância de açoites, não chegará a nós; pois pusemos a mentira como nosso refúgio, e sob a falsidade nos escondemos.

16Por isso, assim diz o Senhor DEUS: Eis que eu fundo em Sião uma pedra; uma pedra provada, pedra preciosa de esquina, firmemente fundada; quem crer, não precisará fugir às pressas.

17E porei o juízo como linha de medida, e a justiça como prumo; o granizo varrerá o refúgio da mentira, e as águas inundarão o esconderijo;

18E vosso pacto com a morte se anulará, e vosso acordo com o Xeol não será cumprido; e quando a abundância de açoites passar, então por ela sereis esmagados.

19Logo que começar a passar, ela vos tomará, porque todas as manhãs passará, de dia e de noite; e será que só de ser dada a notícia, [já] haverá aflição.

20Porque a cama será tão curta, que [ninguém] poderá se estender nela; e o cobertor tão estreito, que [ninguém] poderá se cobrir com ele.

21Porque o SENHOR se levantará como no monte de Perazim, e se enfurecerá como no vale de Gibeão, para fazer sua obra, sua estranha obra; e operar seu ato, seu estranho ato.

22Agora, pois, não escarneçais, para que vossas cordas não vos prendam com ainda mais força; pois eu ouvi do Senhor DEUS dos exércitos sobre uma destruição que já foi determinada sobre toda a terra.

23Inclinai os ouvidos, e ouvi minha voz; prestai atenção, e ouvi o que eu digo.

24Por acaso o lavrador lavra o dia todo para semear, [ou] fica [o dia todo] abrindo e revolvendo a sua terra?

25Quando ele já igualou sua superfície, por acaso ele não espalha endro, e derrama cominho, ou lança do melhor trigo, ou cevada escolhida, ou centeio, [cada qual] em seu lugar?

26Pois seu Deus o ensina, instruindo sobre o que se deve fazer.

27Porque o endro não é debulhado com uma marreta pesada, nem sobre o cominho se passa por cima com uma roda de carroça; em vez disso, com uma vara se separa os grãos de endro, e com um pau os de cominho.

28O trigo é triturado, mas não é batido para sempre; ainda que seja esmagado com as rodas de sua carroça, ele não é triturado com seus cavalos.

29Até isto procede do SENHOR dos exércitos. Ele é maravilhoso em conselhos, [e] grande em sabedoria.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Isaiah denounces the drunkenness and arrogance of the leaders of Ephraim (the northern kingdom of Israel) and then of Judah, who mock his warnings. He announces that God is laying a sure 'cornerstone' in Zion, and uses the image of a wise farmer to show that God has method and purpose in everything he does.

Explanation

The chapter opens targeting Ephraim (a fertile hill region known for its vineyards, hence the image of the 'drunkards' crown'), but quickly turns its attention to the leaders of Judah, who mocked Isaiah's repetitive messages, calling them childish ('rule upon rule... a little here, a little there'). The promise of a 'costly cornerstone, a sure foundation' in Zion is quoted in the New Testament as a reference to Christ (1 Peter 2:6, Romans 9:33). The closing parable of the farmer who knows the right time to plow, sow, and harvest different grains illustrates that God has perfect wisdom and timing in his acts of discipline, never acting randomly. The practical application is that mocking repeated warnings for sounding worn out does not make them any less true or urgent.

Fun facts

  • The 'cornerstone' promised in Zion (v. 16) is quoted directly in the New Testament in 1 Peter 2:6 and Romans 9:33 as a prophecy about Jesus Christ.
  • The farming technique described in the closing verses — using a rod for cumin but heavy cart wheels for wheat — reflects real threshing methods from ancient Near Eastern agriculture, confirmed by farming tools found in excavations in the region.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Isaías 28:1The “crown of pride” of the drunkards of Ephraim describes Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom, built on top of a hill. The city is compared to a fading crown on the head of drunken people, criticizing both its prominent position and the moral corruption of its leadership.
  2. Isaías 28:2God will send a mighty instrument, compared to a hailstorm and a destroying flood, to violently bring down the arrogance of Ephraim mentioned in the previous verse — probably a reference to the Assyrian invasion.
  3. Isaías 28:3The “crown of pride” of the drunkards of Ephraim, the capital Samaria, described as a crown atop a fertile valley, will be trampled underfoot without any resistance.
  4. Isaías 28:4The city, compared to a fading, falling flower, will be swallowed up quickly, like the first ripe fruit of the season, which whoever sees it plucks and eats right away — an image of an easy, swift conquest.
  5. Isaías 28:5In contrast to the destroyed crown of pride, the LORD Himself will become the true crown of glory for the small group of people that remains.
  6. Isaías 28:6God will also give a spirit of justice to those who judge, and strength to those who defend the city from attacks at the gates — qualities the opposite of the arrogant drunkenness criticized at the start of the chapter.
  7. Isaías 28:7Even priests and prophets err because of drink, according to the text. It is a direct criticism of the religious leadership of the northern kingdom, pictured vomiting at their own banquet tables.
  8. Isaías 28:8Describes the physical result of the drunkenness criticized in the previous verse: tables covered in vomit and filth, with no clean spot left — a realistic picture of the moral corruption of the religious leaders.
  9. Isaías 28:9An ironic question from the drunken leaders themselves, mocking the prophet: whom does he think he is teaching, as if speaking to babies just weaned? A way of dismissing Isaiah’s message as too simple to matter.
  10. Isaías 28:10The repetitive line about precept and rule deliberately imitates an almost childish sound in Hebrew. It is probably how the drunken leaders mocked Isaiah’s preaching, treating it as monotonous nonsense.
  11. Isaías 28:11Since they mocked God’s simple message, He will speak to this people in an even stranger way: through a foreign tongue and stammering lips — a reference to the Assyrian invasion, whose language the Israelites would not understand.
  12. Isaías 28:12God had already offered rest and relief to the weary people through the simple message of the prophets, but they refused to listen — the reason behind the harsher punishment that follows.
  13. Isaías 28:13That is why the same message that sounded repetitive and childish to them will become the cause of their stumbling backward, being broken, and being taken captive — the irony turns against those who mocked it.
  14. Isaías 28:14Isaiah calls for the attention of Jerusalem’s mocking rulers to hear the word of the LORD, setting up the direct accusation that comes in the next verse.
  15. Isaías 28:15Speaking of a “covenant with death” is a poetic way of describing a political alliance, probably with Egypt, that Jerusalem’s leaders thought would protect them from any threat. The text calls this a lie and a false sense of security.
  16. Isaías 28:16The “corner stone” was the most important stone of an ancient building, the one that set the alignment for the whole wall. Here it becomes an image of a solid foundation laid by God in the midst of the chapter’s political instability.
  17. Isaías 28:17God promises to use the “line” and the “plummet,” precise measuring tools used in construction, to judge with exact justice, and the hail will sweep away the “refuge of lies” they had built to feel secure.
  18. Isaías 28:18The “covenant with death” they made, mentioned before, will be annulled, and when the flood of punishment passes through, they will be trampled by it, not protected by it.
  19. Isaías 28:19This punishment will pass through again and again, morning after morning, day and night, and just hearing about it will already cause great terror among the people.
  20. Isaías 28:20Uses a simple household image: the bed will be too short to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow to wrap around — no comfort or protection will really work in the face of judgment.
  21. Isaías 28:21Compares God’s action to two ancient battles, David’s victories, calling the judgment a “strange work” — strange because God normally acts to protect His people, not to punish them so harshly.
  22. Isaías 28:22A final warning against mockery: continuing to scoff will only tighten the bonds of punishment even more, because destruction has already been decreed by God over the whole earth.
  23. Isaías 28:23Introduces a new parable calling for full attention: to bend the ear and listen carefully to the agricultural discourse that follows.
  24. Isaías 28:24A rhetorical question opening the farming parable: does the farmer plow all day long without ever sowing? The obvious answer is no, setting up the lesson about God’s practical wisdom.
  25. Isaías 28:25Continues the parable: after properly preparing the ground, the farmer plants each seed exactly in its right place — showing the knowledge and method behind agricultural work.
  26. Isaías 28:26Explains where this knowledge comes from: it is God Himself who teaches the farmer to do the work right — practical wisdom that reflects the greater wisdom of God behind everything, including judgment.
  27. Isaías 28:27Continues the parable: each seed requires a different harvesting technique — delicate grains are beaten with a rod, not crushed with tools too heavy for them.
  28. Isaías 28:28Even wheat, which needs to be threshed with more force, is not endlessly ground nor crushed to powder — there is a limit and a care in every step of the farming process.
  29. Isaías 28:29Concludes the parable: this practical wisdom also comes from the LORD of hosts, wonderful in counsel and excellent in work — each method of judgment has its own purpose and right measure, like the harvest.

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