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1 Samuel 14

ARC · Chapter 14/31

1Succedeu pois que um dia disse Jonathan, filho de Saul, ao moço que lhe levava as armas: Vem, passemos á guarnição dos philisteos, que está lá d'aquella banda. Porém não o fez saber a seu pae

2E estava Saul á extremidade de Gibeah, debaixo da romeira que estava em Migron; e o povo que havia com elle eram uns seiscentos homens.

3E Ahija, filho d'Ahitub, irmão d'Icabod, o filho de Phineas, filho d'Eli, sacerdote do Senhor em Silo, trazia o ephod: porém o povo não sabia que Jonathan tinha ido.

4E entre os passos pelos quaes Jonathan procurava passar á guarnição dos philisteos, d'esta banda havia uma penha aguda, e da outra banda uma penha aguda: e era o nome de uma Bozez, e o nome da outra Senné.

5Uma penha para o norte estava defronte de Michmas, e a outra para o sul defronte de Gibeah.

6Disse pois Jonathan ao moço que lhe levava as armas: Vem, passemos á guarnição d'estes incircumcisos; porventura obrará o Senhor por nós, porque para com o Senhor nenhum impedimento ha de livrar com muitos ou com poucos.

7Então o seu pagem d'armas lhe disse: Faze tudo o que tens no coração; volta, eis-me aqui comtigo, conforme ao teu coração.

8Disse pois Jonathan: Eis que passaremos áquelles homens, e nos descobriremos a elles.

9Se nos disserem assim: Parae até que cheguemos a vós; então ficaremos no nosso logar, e não subiremos a elles.

10Porém, dizendo assim: Subi a nós; então subiremos, pois o Senhor os tem entregado na nossa mão, e isto nos será por signal.

11Descobrindo-se ambos elles pois á guarnição dos philisteos, disseram os philisteos: Eis que já os hebreos sairam das cavernas em que se tinham escondido.

12E os homens da guarnição responderam a Jonathan e ao seu pagem d'armas, e disseram: Subi a nós, e nós vol-o ensinaremos. E disse Jonathan ao seu pagem d'armas: Sobe atraz de mim, porque o Senhor os tem entregado na mão d'Israel.

13Então trepou Jonathan com os pés e com as mãos, e o seu pagem d'armas atraz d'elle: e cairam diante de Jonathan, e o seu pagem d'armas os matava atraz d'elle.

14E succedeu esta primeira desfeita, em que Jonathan e o seu pagem d'armas feriram até uns vinte homens, quasi no meio de uma geira de terra que uma junta de bois podia lavrar.

15E houve tremor no arraial, no campo e em todo o povo; tambem a mesma guarnição e os destruidores tremeram, e até a terra se alvoroçou, porquanto era tremor de Deus.

16Olharam pois as sentinellas de Saul em Gibeah de Benjamin, e eis que a multidão se derramava, e fugia batendo-se.

17Disse então Saul ao povo que estava com elle: Ora numerae, e vêde quem é que saiu d'entre nós. E numeraram, e eis que nem Jonathan nem o seu pagem d'armas estavam ali

18Então Saul disse a Ahija: Traze aqui a arca de Deus (porque n'aquelle dia estava a arca de Deus com os filhos d'Israel).

19E succedeu que, estando Saul ainda fallando com o sacerdote, o alvoroço que havia no arraial dos philisteos ia crescendo muito, e se multiplicava, pelo que disse Saul ao sacerdote: Retira a tua mão.

20Então Saul e todo o povo que havia com elle se convocaram, e vieram á peleja; e eis que a espada d'um era contra o outro, e houve mui grande tumulto.

21Tambem com os philisteos havia hebreos, como d'antes, que subiram com elles ao arraial em redor; e tambem estes se ajuntaram com os israelitas que estavam com Saul e Jonathan.

22Ouvindo pois todos os homens d'Israel que se esconderam pela montanha d'Ephraim que os philisteos fugiam, elles tambem os perseguiram de perto na peleja.

23Assim livrou o Senhor a Israel n'aquelle dia: e o arraial passou a Beth-aven.

24E estavam os homens d'Israel já exhaustos n'aquelle dia, porquanto Saul conjurou o povo, dizendo: Maldito o homem que comer pão até á tarde, para que me vingue de meus inimigos. Pelo que todo o povo se absteve de provar pão

25E toda a terra chegou a um bosque: e havia mel na superficie do campo.

26E, chegando o povo ao bosque, eis que havia um manancial de mel: porém ninguem chegou a mão á bocca porque o povo temia a conjuração

27Porém Jonathan não tinha ouvido quando seu pae conjurava o povo, e estendeu a ponta da vara que tinha na mão, e a molhou no favo de mel; e, tornando a mão á bocca, aclararam-se os seus olhos.

28Então respondeu um do povo, e disse: Solemnemente conjurou teu pae o povo, dizendo: Maldito o homem que comer hoje pão. Pelo que o povo desfallecia.

29Então disse Jonathan: Meu pae tem turbado a terra; ora vêde como se me aclararam os olhos por ter gostado um pouco d'este mel,

30Quanto mais se o povo hoje livremente tivesse comido do despojo que achou de seus inimigos. Porém agora não foi tão grande o estrago dos philisteos.

31Feriram porém aquelle dia aos philisteos, desde Michmas até Ajalon, e o povo desfalleceu em extremo.

32Então o povo se lançou ao despojo, e tomaram ovelhas, e vaccas, e bezerros, e os degolaram no chão; e o povo os comeu com sangue.

33E o annunciaram a Saul, dizendo: Eis que o povo pecca contra o Senhor, comendo com sangue. E disse elle: Aleivosamente obrastes; revolvei-me hoje uma grande pedra.

34Disse mais Saul: Derramae-vos entre o povo, e dizei-lhes: Trazei-me cada um o seu boi, e cada um a sua ovelha, e degolae-os aqui, e comei, e não pequeis contra o Senhor, comendo com sangue. Então todo o povo trouxe de noite, cada um com a sua mão, o seu boi, e os degolaram ali.

35Então edificou Saul um altar ao Senhor: este foi o primeiro altar que edificou ao Senhor.

36Depois disse Saul: Desçamos de noite atraz dos philisteos, e despojemol-os, até que amanheça a luz, e não deixemos de resto um homem d'elles. E disseram: Tudo o que parecer bem aos teus olhos faze. Disse porém o sacerdote: Cheguemo-nos aqui a Deus

37Então consultou Saul a Deus, dizendo: Descerei atraz dos philisteos? entregal-os-has na mão de Israel? Porém aquelle dia lhe não respondeu.

38Então disse Saul: Chegae-vos para cá de todos os chefes do povo, e informae-vos, e vêde em que se commetteu hoje este peccado;

39Porque vive o Senhor que salva a Israel, que, ainda que fosse em meu filho Jonathan, certamente morrerá. E nenhum de todo o povo lhe respondeu.

40Disse mais a todo o Israel: Vós estareis d'uma banda, e eu e meu filho Jonathan estaremos da outra banda. Então disse o povo a Saul: Faze o que parecer bem aos teus olhos.

41Fallou pois Saul ao Senhor Deus d'Israel: Mostra o innocente. Então Jonathan e Saul foram tomados por sorte, e o povo saiu livre.

42Então disse Saul: Lançae a sorte entre mim e Jonathan, meu filho. E foi tomado Jonathan.

43Disse então Saul a Jonathan: Declara-me o que tens feito. E Jonathan lh'o declarou, e disse: Tão sómente gostei um pouco de mel com a ponta da vara que tinha na mão; eis que devo morrer.

44Então disse Saul: Assim me faça Deus, e outro tanto, que com certeza morrerás, Jonathan.

45Porém o povo disse a Saul: Morrerá Jonathan, que obrou tão grande salvação em Israel? nunca tal succeda; vive o Senhor, que não lhe ha de cair no chão um só cabello da sua cabeça! pois com Deus fez isso hoje. Assim o povo livrou a Jonathan, para que não morresse.

46E Saul deixou de seguir os philisteos: e os philisteos se foram ao seu logar.

47Então tomou Saul o reino sobre Israel; e pelejou contra todos os seus inimigos em redor: contra Moab, e contra os filhos de Ammon, e contra Edom, e contra os reis de Zoba, e contra os philisteos, e para onde quer que se tornava executava castigos.

48E houve-se valorosamente, e feriu aos amalekitas: e libertou a Israel da mão dos que o saqueavam.

49E os filhos de Saul eram Jonathan, e Isvi, e Malchisua: e os nomes de suas duas filhas eram estes: o nome da mais velha Merab, e o nome da mais nova, Michal.

50E o nome da mulher de Saul, Ahinoam, filha d'Ahimaas: e o nome do general do exercito, Abner, filho de Ner, tio de Saul.

51E Kis, pae de Saul, e Ner, pae d'Abner, eram filhos d'Abiel.

52E houve uma forte guerra contra os philisteos, todos os dias de Saul: pelo que Saul a todos os homens valentes e valorosos que via os aggregava a si.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Jonathan, son of Saul, bravely attacks a Philistine garrison with only his armor-bearer, sparking panic that spreads among the enemy. Saul nearly kills Jonathan over a rash vow, but the people rescue him.

Explanation

Jonathan's courage, acting on the faith that 'there is no restraint to the Lord to save by many or by few' (v.6), stands in contrast to Saul's earlier passivity and his diminished army hiding in caves, showing how one person's genuine faith can change the course of an entire battle. Saul's rash vow, forbidding any soldier to eat until complete victory, needlessly harms his own exhausted army and nearly costs his son's life, since Jonathan unknowingly broke the oath without knowing of it — repeating the pattern of rash vows seen with Jephthah in Judges 11. The people's intervention, refusing to allow Jonathan's execution despite Saul's insistence, shows that even royal decisions had limits before the common sense of popular justice.

Fun facts

  • The expression 'a trembling of God' used to describe the supernatural panic among the Philistines (v.15) is one of the few times in the Hebrew Bible that an earthquake or collective panic is explicitly attributed to direct divine intervention in battle.
  • The use of the Urim (a priestly instrument of divine inquiry) mentioned in this chapter (v.41, according to more complete versions and manuscripts) was one of the few formal, sanctioned methods available to Israel at the time for seeking direct decisions from God.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. 1 Samuel 14:1Jonathan acts on his own, without telling Saul — the kind of independent initiative that contrasts with the hesitation and fear his father had been showing since the previous chapter.
  2. 1 Samuel 14:2Saul appears standing still under a tree with his small army, while his son is already acting in a different direction — the contrast in posture between father and son is clear from the very start.
  3. 1 Samuel 14:3Ahijah’s genealogy links him directly to Eli’s condemned line — he is the brother of Ichabod from chapter 4 — so even after the announced judgment, a descendant of that family still serves as priest alongside Saul.
  4. 1 Samuel 14:4Naming the two specific crags shows the narrator’s care in describing the exact terrain of Jonathan’s feat — an account that seems to come from someone with firsthand knowledge of the ground.
  5. 1 Samuel 14:5These coordinates place the pass exactly between the two rival camps — Jonathan chooses the most direct route, and also the one most exposed to the enemy.
  6. 1 Samuel 14:6Jonathan’s conviction that God can give victory “by many or by few” is the same principle behind Gideon’s victory over the Midianites in Judges 7.
  7. 1 Samuel 14:7The armor-bearer’s unconditional loyalty, ready to follow such a risky plan without hesitation, is the kind of partnership that will echo later in the friendship between Jonathan and David.
  8. 1 Samuel 14:8Jonathan proposes a sign test similar to the one Eliezer used to choose Isaac’s wife in Genesis 24 — letting the other side’s reaction reveal God’s will.
  9. 1 Samuel 14:9This first scenario would be the negative sign: if the Philistines told them to wait, Jonathan would understand it was not yet time to attack.
  10. 1 Samuel 14:10The second scenario would be the positive sign: a direct invitation — “Come up to us” — would be read as God’s own confirmation to attack.
  11. 1 Samuel 14:11The Philistines’ scornful remark, assuming the Hebrews were crawling out of hiding places out of desperation, shows how much they still underestimated Israelite courage after the panic of the previous chapter.
  12. 1 Samuel 14:12The exact invitation Jonathan was waiting for as a sign comes true word for word — he takes it as unmistakable confirmation to attack.
  13. 1 Samuel 14:13Climbing the crag with their bare hands, unable to use weapons until reaching the top, shows the enormous physical risk the two men took on before the fight even began.
  14. 1 Samuel 14:14Measuring the battlefield by “as much ground as a yoke of oxen might plow” in a day is a common farming way of estimating distance, showing that the initial slaughter happened in a small, concentrated space.
  15. 1 Samuel 14:15The panic spreading through the whole Philistine camp, not just among those Jonathan attacked, is credited by the narrator to a supernatural intervention, not merely the natural shock of the attack.
  16. 1 Samuel 14:16Only by watching the chaos from a distance does Saul realize something big is happening in the enemy camp, still without knowing that his own son is behind it.
  17. 1 Samuel 14:17Jonathan’s absence from the head count indirectly reveals to Saul who caused the uproar he is watching from a distance.
  18. 1 Samuel 14:18The ark had already returned to Israel’s possession after the events of chapters 4 through 7 — Saul turns to it to consult God before deciding how to act.
  19. 1 Samuel 14:19Saul cuts short his own ritual of consultation because the situation is changing too fast to wait — he decides to act on the urgency of the moment rather than wait for God’s full answer.
  20. 1 Samuel 14:20“Every man’s sword was against his fellow” describes the self-destructive chaos that swept through the Philistine camp — in the middle of the panic, the enemy soldiers themselves began attacking one another.
  21. 1 Samuel 14:21There were Israelites serving on the Philistine side, probably out of survival or forced loyalty under occupation — they switch sides as soon as they see victory leaning toward Israel.
  22. 1 Samuel 14:22Even those who had hidden out of fear when the crisis began come out to pursue the enemy once victory seems assured — courage that only appears after the risk has already passed.
  23. 1 Samuel 14:23The narrator makes clear who really won the battle: despite Jonathan’s courage and the confusion among the Philistines, it is God who gets the credit for the deliverance.
  24. 1 Samuel 14:24The forced fast Saul imposes on the army in the middle of battle, on pain of death, is presented as a leadership blunder: it wears the soldiers out exactly when they most need strength, and it almost costs his own son’s life over honey tasted without knowing about the ban.
  25. 1 Samuel 14:25Finding wild honey scattered on the forest floor was common in the rocky terrain of the region — the scene sets up the incident that will cause conflict between Saul and Jonathan.
  26. 1 Samuel 14:26Even exhausted and surrounded by available food, the soldiers obey Saul’s oath purely out of fear of the announced curse, even with him nowhere near to enforce it.
  27. 1 Samuel 14:27“His eyes were enlightened” describes the immediate burst of recovered energy — clear physical proof that Saul’s forced fast was needlessly weakening his own army.
  28. 1 Samuel 14:28Only after already eating does Jonathan discover the extent of the problem: his father had banned any food on pain of death, and he had just broken that order without knowing it.
  29. 1 Samuel 14:29Jonathan openly criticizes his father’s decision, calling it something that “troubled the land” — a direct rebuke of Saul’s leadership, spoken in front of other soldiers.
  30. 1 Samuel 14:30Jonathan argues that the forced fast, far from helping, actually limited the victory: a well-fed army would have pursued and destroyed even more of the fleeing enemy.
  31. 1 Samuel 14:31The pursuit continues over a long stretch of territory, but at the cost of an army growing more exhausted and starving, exactly as Jonathan had predicted.
  32. 1 Samuel 14:32Eating meat “with the blood” broke one of the oldest rules in Israel’s law, which required draining all the blood from an animal before eating — blood was tied to life, reserved for God alone. The starving soldiers, slaughtering livestock right there on the ground, skipped that step.
  33. 1 Samuel 14:33Facing extreme hunger, the people finally ignore the fast and eat meat without properly draining the blood — Saul must act fast to keep this violation from spreading any further.
  34. 1 Samuel 14:34Saul organizes a practical, immediate solution: centralizing the slaughter in one place, under supervision, to make sure the blood was properly drained before anyone ate.
  35. 1 Samuel 14:35This was the first altar Saul built in his entire reign — a detail that sounds almost like a subtle jab from the narrator about the king’s spiritual priorities up to that point.
  36. 1 Samuel 14:36It is the priest, not Saul, who remembers the need to consult God before acting — a subtle contrast with the episode in chapter 13, when Saul had ignored that same kind of caution.
  37. 1 Samuel 14:37God’s silence is the first visible sign that something is wrong in the camp — prophetic silence in the Bible generally pointed to unresolved sin blocking communication.
  38. 1 Samuel 14:38Saul responds to the divine silence by actively investigating the cause — he already suspects someone broke a rule, even without knowing yet that the guilty party is his own son.
  39. 1 Samuel 14:39Saul’s oath, including even his own son as a possible target of the death penalty, shows harsh determination — but it also sets up the tragic irony that Jonathan is exactly the guilty one.
  40. 1 Samuel 14:40Dividing the judgment between “the people” on one side and “Saul and Jonathan” on the other already isolates his own son as the prime suspect, even before the lot is cast.
  41. 1 Samuel 14:41Casting lots before the LORD (probably using the Urim, an object tied to the priestly ephod) was an accepted way of discovering God’s will in cases of collective guilt — it worked as a binary yes-or-no process until it isolated the guilty party, who here turns out to be Saul’s own son.
  42. 1 Samuel 14:42The same lot-casting method used to choose Saul as king in chapter 10 now points, with painful irony, to his own son as the guilty one.
  43. 1 Samuel 14:43Jonathan’s simple, honest answer shows he had no idea of the severity of his father’s own oath — his frankness contrasts with Saul’s unyielding rigidity.
  44. 1 Samuel 14:44Saul reaffirms the death sentence against his own son, even knowing the offense was committed out of ignorance, not deliberate rebellion.
  45. 1 Samuel 14:45It is the people, not Saul, who step in to save Jonathan — recognizing that the hero of that day’s victory could not be executed over his own father’s rash oath.
  46. 1 Samuel 14:46This whole crisis over the oath and Jonathan’s judgment ends up interrupting the pursuit — the Philistines escape an even more total defeat because of the internal confusion inside Israel.
  47. 1 Samuel 14:47This quick summary covers practically every hostile neighbor of Israel, showing that much of Saul’s reign was spent fighting defensive wars on several fronts at once.
  48. 1 Samuel 14:48This victory over Amalek here is only a brief mention — the full, more detailed account of that same war comes in the next chapter, with far more serious consequences for Saul.
  49. 1 Samuel 14:49Michal and Merab, mentioned here only in passing, will become important characters later on: Merab promised and then denied to David, and Michal becoming his wife in fact.
  50. 1 Samuel 14:50Abner, introduced here as a close relative of Saul, will become a central figure of military power who stays relevant long after Saul’s own death, well into 2 Samuel.
  51. 1 Samuel 14:51This genealogical detail explains the family tie between Saul and Abner: they were cousins, sons of brothers, which helps explain why Abner remains so loyal to the house of Saul afterward.
  52. 1 Samuel 14:52Constantly recruiting the best available warriors is the same process that, in the next chapter, will eventually bring a young man named David into Saul’s court.

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