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1 Samuel 14

BLIVRE · Chapter 14/31

1E um dia aconteceu, que Jônatas filho de Saul disse a seu criado que lhe trazia as armas: Vem, e passemos à guarnição dos filisteus, que está a aquele lado. E não o fez saber a seu pai.

2E Saul estava no termo de Gibeá, debaixo de uma romãzeira que há em Migrom, e o povo que estava com ele era como seiscentos homens.

3E Aías filho de Aitube, irmão de Icabode, filho de Fineias, filho de Eli, sacerdote do SENHOR em Siló, levava o éfode; e não sabia o povo que Jônatas se houvesse ido.

4E entre os desfiladeiros por de onde Jônatas procurava passar à guarnição dos filisteus, havia um penhasco agudo da uma parte, e outro da outra parte; o um se chamava Bozez e o outro Sené:

5O um penhasco situado ao norte até Micmás, e o outro ao sul até Gibeá.

6Disse, pois, Jônatas a seu criado que lhe trazia as armas: Vem, passemos à guarnição destes incircuncisos: talvez fará o SENHOR por nós; que não é difícil ao SENHOR salvar com multidão ou com pouco número.

7E seu pajem de armas lhe respondeu: Faze tudo o que tens em teu coração: vai, que aqui estou contigo à tua vontade.

8E Jônatas disse: Eis que, nós passaremos aos homens, e nos mostraremos a eles.

9Se nos disserem assim: Esperai até que cheguemos a vós; então nos estaremos em nosso lugar, e não subiremos a eles.

10Mas se nos disserem assim: Subi a nós: então subiremos, porque o SENHOR os entregou em nossas mãos: e isto nos será por sinal.

11Mostraram-se, pois, ambos à guarnição dos filisteus, e os filisteus disseram: Eis que os hebreus, que saem das cavernas em que se haviam escondido.

12E os homens da guarnição responderam a Jônatas e a seu pajem de armas, e disseram: Subi a nós, e vos faremos saber uma coisa. Então Jônatas disse a seu pajem de armas: Sobe atrás mim, que o SENHOR os entregou na mão de Israel.

13E subiu Jônatas escalando com suas mãos e seus pés, e atrás dele seu pajem de armas; e os que caíam diante de Jônatas, seu pajem de armas que ia atrás dele os matava.

14Esta foi a primeira derrota, na qual Jônatas com seu pajem de armas, mataram como uns vinte homens no espaço de uma meia jeira.

15E houve tremor no acampamento e pelo campo, e entre toda a gente da guarnição; e os que haviam ido a fazer saques, também eles tremeram, e alvoroçou-se a terra: houve, pois, grande pânico.

16E as sentinelas de Saul viram desde Gibeá de Benjamim como a multidão estava perturbada, e ia de uma parte à outra, e era desfeita.

17Então Saul disse ao povo que tinha consigo: Reconhecei logo, e olhai quem tenha ido dos nossos. E depois de terem reconhecido, acharam que faltavam Jônatas e seu pajem de armas.

18E Saul disse a Aías: Traze a arca de Deus. Porque a arca de Deus estava então com os filhos de Israel.

19E aconteceu que estando ainda falando Saul com o sacerdote, o alvoroço que havia no campo dos filisteus se aumentava, e ia crescendo em grande maneira. Então disse Saul ao sacerdote: Detém tua mão.

20E juntando Saul todo o povo que com ele estava, vieram até o lugar da batalha: e eis que a espada de cada um era volta contra seu companheiro, e a mortandade era grande.

21E os hebreus que haviam estado com os filisteus de tempo antes, e haviam vindo com eles dos arredores ao acampamento, também estes se voltaram a ser com os israelitas que estavam com Saul e com Jônatas.

22Também todos os israelitas que se haviam escondido no monte de Efraim, ouvindo que os filisteus fugiam, eles também os perseguiram naquela batalha.

23Assim salvou o SENHOR a Israel aquele dia. E chegou o alcance até Bete-Áven.

24Porém os homens de Israel foram postos em apuros aquele dia; porque Saul havia conjurado ao povo, dizendo: Qualquer um que comer pão até a tarde, até que tenha tomado vingança de meus inimigos, seja maldito. E todo o povo não havia provado pão.

25E todo o povo daquela terra chegou a um bosque de onde havia mel na superfície do campo.

26Entrou, pois, o povo no bosque, e eis que o mel corria; mas ninguém havia que chegasse a mão à sua boca: porque o povo temia o juramento.

27Porém Jônatas não havia ouvido quando seu pai conjurou ao povo, e estendeu a ponta de uma vara que trazia em sua mão, e molhou-a em um favo de mel, e chegou sua mão a sua boca; e seus olhos se iluminaram.

28Então falou um do povo, dizendo: Teu pai conjurou expressamente ao povo, dizendo: Maldito seja o homem que comer hoje alimento. E o povo desfalecia.

29E Jônatas respondeu: Meu pai perturbou esta terra. Vede agora como foram aclarados meus olhos, por haver provado um pouco deste mel;

30Quanto mais se o povo houvesse hoje comido do despojo de seus inimigos que achou? não se haveria feito agora maior estrago nos filisteus?

31E feriram aquele dia aos filisteus desde Micmás até Aijalom: mas o povo se cansou muito.

32Tornou-se, portanto, o povo ao despojo, e tomaram ovelhas e vacas e bezerros, e mataram-nos em terra, e o povo comeu com sangue.

33E dando-lhe disso aviso a Saul, disseram-lhe: O povo peca contra o SENHOR comendo com sangue. E ele disse: Vós cometestes transgressão; rolai-me agora aqui uma grande pedra.

34E Saul voltou a dizer: Espalhai-vos pelo povo, e dizei-lhes que me tragam cada um sua vaca, e cada qual sua ovelha, e degolai-os aqui, e comei; e não pecareis contra o SENHOR comendo com sangue. E trouxe todo o povo cada qual por sua mão sua vaca aquela noite, e ali degolaram.

35E edificou Saul altar ao SENHOR, o qual altar foi o primeiro que edificou ao SENHOR.

36E disse Saul: Desçamos de noite contra os filisteus, e os saquearemos até a manhã, e não deixaremos deles ninguém. E eles disseram: Faze o que bem te parecer. Disse logo o sacerdote: Acheguemo-nos aqui a Deus.

37E Saul consultou a Deus: Descerei atrás dos filisteus? os entregarás em mão de Israel? Mas o SENHOR não lhe deu resposta aquele dia.

38Então disse Saul: Achegai-vos aqui todos os principais do povo; e sabei e olhai por quem foi hoje este pecado;

39Porque vive o SENHOR, que salva a Israel, que se for em meu filho Jônatas, ele morrerá de certo. E não houve em todo o povo quem lhe respondesse.

40Disse logo a todo Israel: Vós estareis a um lado, e eu e Jônatas meu filho estaremos a outro lado. E o povo respondeu a Saul: Faze o que bem te parecer.

41Então disse Saul ao SENHOR Deus de Israel: Dá perfeição. E foram tomados Jônatas e Saul, e o povo saiu livre.

42E Saul disse: Lançai sorte entre mim e Jônatas meu filho. E foi tomado Jônatas.

43Então Saul disse a Jônatas: Declara-me que fizeste. E Jônatas se o declarou, e disse: Certo que provei com a ponta da vara que trazia em minha mão, um pouco de mel: e eis que ei de morrer?

44E Saul respondeu: Assim me faça Deus e assim me acrescente, que sem dúvida morrerás, Jônatas.

45Mas o povo disse a Saul: Há, pois, de morrer Jônatas, o que fez esta salvação grande em Israel? Não será assim. Vive o SENHOR, que não há de cair um cabelo de sua cabeça em terra, pois que operou hoje com Deus. Assim livrou o povo a Jônatas, para que não morresse.

46E Saul deixou de perseguir aos filisteus; e os filisteus se foram a seu lugar.

47E ocupando Saul o reino sobre Israel, fez guerra a todos seus inimigos ao redor: contra Moabe, contra os filhos de Amom, contra Edom, contra os reis de Zobá, e contra os filisteus: e a de onde quer que se voltava era vencedor.

48E reuniu um exército, e feriu a Amaleque, e livrou a Israel da mão dos que lhe roubavam.

49E os filhos de Saul foram Jônatas, Isvi, e Malquisua. E os nomes de suas duas filhas eram, o nome da mais velha, Merabe, e o da mais nova, Mical.

50E o nome da mulher de Saul era Ainoã, filha de Aimaás. E o nome do general de seu exército era Abner, filho de Ner tio de Saul.

51Porque Quis pai de Saul, e Ner pai de Abner, foram filhos de Abiel.

52E a guerra foi forte contra os filisteus todo o tempo de Saul; e a qualquer um que Saul via homem valente e homem de esforço, juntava-lhe consigo.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Jonathan, son of Saul, bravely attacks a Philistine garrison with only his armor-bearer, sparking panic that spreads among the enemy. Saul nearly kills Jonathan over a rash vow, but the people rescue him.

Explanation

Jonathan's courage, acting on the faith that 'there is no restraint to the Lord to save by many or by few' (v.6), stands in contrast to Saul's earlier passivity and his diminished army hiding in caves, showing how one person's genuine faith can change the course of an entire battle. Saul's rash vow, forbidding any soldier to eat until complete victory, needlessly harms his own exhausted army and nearly costs his son's life, since Jonathan unknowingly broke the oath without knowing of it — repeating the pattern of rash vows seen with Jephthah in Judges 11. The people's intervention, refusing to allow Jonathan's execution despite Saul's insistence, shows that even royal decisions had limits before the common sense of popular justice.

Fun facts

  • The expression 'a trembling of God' used to describe the supernatural panic among the Philistines (v.15) is one of the few times in the Hebrew Bible that an earthquake or collective panic is explicitly attributed to direct divine intervention in battle.
  • The use of the Urim (a priestly instrument of divine inquiry) mentioned in this chapter (v.41, according to more complete versions and manuscripts) was one of the few formal, sanctioned methods available to Israel at the time for seeking direct decisions from God.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. 1 Samuel 14:1Jonathan acts on his own, without telling Saul — the kind of independent initiative that contrasts with the hesitation and fear his father had been showing since the previous chapter.
  2. 1 Samuel 14:2Saul appears standing still under a tree with his small army, while his son is already acting in a different direction — the contrast in posture between father and son is clear from the very start.
  3. 1 Samuel 14:3Ahijah’s genealogy links him directly to Eli’s condemned line — he is the brother of Ichabod from chapter 4 — so even after the announced judgment, a descendant of that family still serves as priest alongside Saul.
  4. 1 Samuel 14:4Naming the two specific crags shows the narrator’s care in describing the exact terrain of Jonathan’s feat — an account that seems to come from someone with firsthand knowledge of the ground.
  5. 1 Samuel 14:5These coordinates place the pass exactly between the two rival camps — Jonathan chooses the most direct route, and also the one most exposed to the enemy.
  6. 1 Samuel 14:6Jonathan’s conviction that God can give victory “by many or by few” is the same principle behind Gideon’s victory over the Midianites in Judges 7.
  7. 1 Samuel 14:7The armor-bearer’s unconditional loyalty, ready to follow such a risky plan without hesitation, is the kind of partnership that will echo later in the friendship between Jonathan and David.
  8. 1 Samuel 14:8Jonathan proposes a sign test similar to the one Eliezer used to choose Isaac’s wife in Genesis 24 — letting the other side’s reaction reveal God’s will.
  9. 1 Samuel 14:9This first scenario would be the negative sign: if the Philistines told them to wait, Jonathan would understand it was not yet time to attack.
  10. 1 Samuel 14:10The second scenario would be the positive sign: a direct invitation — “Come up to us” — would be read as God’s own confirmation to attack.
  11. 1 Samuel 14:11The Philistines’ scornful remark, assuming the Hebrews were crawling out of hiding places out of desperation, shows how much they still underestimated Israelite courage after the panic of the previous chapter.
  12. 1 Samuel 14:12The exact invitation Jonathan was waiting for as a sign comes true word for word — he takes it as unmistakable confirmation to attack.
  13. 1 Samuel 14:13Climbing the crag with their bare hands, unable to use weapons until reaching the top, shows the enormous physical risk the two men took on before the fight even began.
  14. 1 Samuel 14:14Measuring the battlefield by “as much ground as a yoke of oxen might plow” in a day is a common farming way of estimating distance, showing that the initial slaughter happened in a small, concentrated space.
  15. 1 Samuel 14:15The panic spreading through the whole Philistine camp, not just among those Jonathan attacked, is credited by the narrator to a supernatural intervention, not merely the natural shock of the attack.
  16. 1 Samuel 14:16Only by watching the chaos from a distance does Saul realize something big is happening in the enemy camp, still without knowing that his own son is behind it.
  17. 1 Samuel 14:17Jonathan’s absence from the head count indirectly reveals to Saul who caused the uproar he is watching from a distance.
  18. 1 Samuel 14:18The ark had already returned to Israel’s possession after the events of chapters 4 through 7 — Saul turns to it to consult God before deciding how to act.
  19. 1 Samuel 14:19Saul cuts short his own ritual of consultation because the situation is changing too fast to wait — he decides to act on the urgency of the moment rather than wait for God’s full answer.
  20. 1 Samuel 14:20“Every man’s sword was against his fellow” describes the self-destructive chaos that swept through the Philistine camp — in the middle of the panic, the enemy soldiers themselves began attacking one another.
  21. 1 Samuel 14:21There were Israelites serving on the Philistine side, probably out of survival or forced loyalty under occupation — they switch sides as soon as they see victory leaning toward Israel.
  22. 1 Samuel 14:22Even those who had hidden out of fear when the crisis began come out to pursue the enemy once victory seems assured — courage that only appears after the risk has already passed.
  23. 1 Samuel 14:23The narrator makes clear who really won the battle: despite Jonathan’s courage and the confusion among the Philistines, it is God who gets the credit for the deliverance.
  24. 1 Samuel 14:24The forced fast Saul imposes on the army in the middle of battle, on pain of death, is presented as a leadership blunder: it wears the soldiers out exactly when they most need strength, and it almost costs his own son’s life over honey tasted without knowing about the ban.
  25. 1 Samuel 14:25Finding wild honey scattered on the forest floor was common in the rocky terrain of the region — the scene sets up the incident that will cause conflict between Saul and Jonathan.
  26. 1 Samuel 14:26Even exhausted and surrounded by available food, the soldiers obey Saul’s oath purely out of fear of the announced curse, even with him nowhere near to enforce it.
  27. 1 Samuel 14:27“His eyes were enlightened” describes the immediate burst of recovered energy — clear physical proof that Saul’s forced fast was needlessly weakening his own army.
  28. 1 Samuel 14:28Only after already eating does Jonathan discover the extent of the problem: his father had banned any food on pain of death, and he had just broken that order without knowing it.
  29. 1 Samuel 14:29Jonathan openly criticizes his father’s decision, calling it something that “troubled the land” — a direct rebuke of Saul’s leadership, spoken in front of other soldiers.
  30. 1 Samuel 14:30Jonathan argues that the forced fast, far from helping, actually limited the victory: a well-fed army would have pursued and destroyed even more of the fleeing enemy.
  31. 1 Samuel 14:31The pursuit continues over a long stretch of territory, but at the cost of an army growing more exhausted and starving, exactly as Jonathan had predicted.
  32. 1 Samuel 14:32Eating meat “with the blood” broke one of the oldest rules in Israel’s law, which required draining all the blood from an animal before eating — blood was tied to life, reserved for God alone. The starving soldiers, slaughtering livestock right there on the ground, skipped that step.
  33. 1 Samuel 14:33Facing extreme hunger, the people finally ignore the fast and eat meat without properly draining the blood — Saul must act fast to keep this violation from spreading any further.
  34. 1 Samuel 14:34Saul organizes a practical, immediate solution: centralizing the slaughter in one place, under supervision, to make sure the blood was properly drained before anyone ate.
  35. 1 Samuel 14:35This was the first altar Saul built in his entire reign — a detail that sounds almost like a subtle jab from the narrator about the king’s spiritual priorities up to that point.
  36. 1 Samuel 14:36It is the priest, not Saul, who remembers the need to consult God before acting — a subtle contrast with the episode in chapter 13, when Saul had ignored that same kind of caution.
  37. 1 Samuel 14:37God’s silence is the first visible sign that something is wrong in the camp — prophetic silence in the Bible generally pointed to unresolved sin blocking communication.
  38. 1 Samuel 14:38Saul responds to the divine silence by actively investigating the cause — he already suspects someone broke a rule, even without knowing yet that the guilty party is his own son.
  39. 1 Samuel 14:39Saul’s oath, including even his own son as a possible target of the death penalty, shows harsh determination — but it also sets up the tragic irony that Jonathan is exactly the guilty one.
  40. 1 Samuel 14:40Dividing the judgment between “the people” on one side and “Saul and Jonathan” on the other already isolates his own son as the prime suspect, even before the lot is cast.
  41. 1 Samuel 14:41Casting lots before the LORD (probably using the Urim, an object tied to the priestly ephod) was an accepted way of discovering God’s will in cases of collective guilt — it worked as a binary yes-or-no process until it isolated the guilty party, who here turns out to be Saul’s own son.
  42. 1 Samuel 14:42The same lot-casting method used to choose Saul as king in chapter 10 now points, with painful irony, to his own son as the guilty one.
  43. 1 Samuel 14:43Jonathan’s simple, honest answer shows he had no idea of the severity of his father’s own oath — his frankness contrasts with Saul’s unyielding rigidity.
  44. 1 Samuel 14:44Saul reaffirms the death sentence against his own son, even knowing the offense was committed out of ignorance, not deliberate rebellion.
  45. 1 Samuel 14:45It is the people, not Saul, who step in to save Jonathan — recognizing that the hero of that day’s victory could not be executed over his own father’s rash oath.
  46. 1 Samuel 14:46This whole crisis over the oath and Jonathan’s judgment ends up interrupting the pursuit — the Philistines escape an even more total defeat because of the internal confusion inside Israel.
  47. 1 Samuel 14:47This quick summary covers practically every hostile neighbor of Israel, showing that much of Saul’s reign was spent fighting defensive wars on several fronts at once.
  48. 1 Samuel 14:48This victory over Amalek here is only a brief mention — the full, more detailed account of that same war comes in the next chapter, with far more serious consequences for Saul.
  49. 1 Samuel 14:49Michal and Merab, mentioned here only in passing, will become important characters later on: Merab promised and then denied to David, and Michal becoming his wife in fact.
  50. 1 Samuel 14:50Abner, introduced here as a close relative of Saul, will become a central figure of military power who stays relevant long after Saul’s own death, well into 2 Samuel.
  51. 1 Samuel 14:51This genealogical detail explains the family tie between Saul and Abner: they were cousins, sons of brothers, which helps explain why Abner remains so loyal to the house of Saul afterward.
  52. 1 Samuel 14:52Constantly recruiting the best available warriors is the same process that, in the next chapter, will eventually bring a young man named David into Saul’s court.

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