Romanos 13

ARC · Chapter 13/16

1Toda a alma esteja sujeita ás potestades superiores; porque não ha potestade senão de Deus; e as potestades que ha são ordenadas por Deus.

2Por isso quem resiste á potestade resiste á ordenação de Deus: e os que resistem trarão sobre si mesmos a condemnação.

3Porque os magistrados não são para temor das boas obras, senão das más. Queres tu pois não temer a potestade? Faze o bem, e terás louvor d'ella.

4Porque elle é ministro de Deus para teu bem. Mas, se fizeres o mal, teme, pois não traz debalde a espada; porque é ministro de Deus, vingador para castigar o que faz o mal.

5Portanto é necessario estar sujeito, não sómente pelo castigo, mas tambem pela consciencia.

6Porque por isso tambem pagaes tributos: porque são ministros de Deus, attendendo sempre a isto mesmo.

7Portanto dae a cada um o que deveis: a quem tributo, tributo: a quem imposto, imposto: a quem temor, temor: a quem honra, honra.

8A ninguem devaes coisa alguma, senão o amor com que vos ameis uns aos outros; porque quem ama aos outros cumpriu a lei.

9Porque isto: Não adulterarás: Não matarás: Não furtarás: Não darás falso testemunho: Não cubiçarás: e se ha algum outro mandamento, n'esta palavra se resume: Amarás ao teu proximo como a ti mesmo.

10O amor não faz mal ao proximo. De sorte que o cumprimento da lei é o amor.

11E isto, conhecendo o tempo, que é já hora de despertarmos do somno; porque a nossa salvação está agora mais perto de nós do que quando crêmos.

12A noite é passada, e o dia é chegado. Rejeitemos pois as obras das trevas, e vistamo-nos das armas da luz.

13Andemos honestamente, como de dia: não em glotonerias, nem em bebedeiras, nem em deshonestidades, nem em dissoluções, nem em contendas e inveja.

14Mas vesti-vos do Senhor Jesus Christo, e não tenhaes cuidado da carne em suas concupiscencias.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Paul instructs Christians to submit to governing authorities, since they were established by God to maintain order. He sums up the whole law in the command to love one's neighbor and calls believers to live honestly, as those already living in the new day that is drawing near.

Explanation

This chapter has sparked much debate throughout history over just how absolute submission to authorities really is (other biblical texts, such as Acts 5:29, show limits when authority demands disobedience to God). The historical context helps here: Paul was writing to Christians in Rome, the capital of an empire that could easily crush them if they were seen as subversive, so part of his instruction is also about wise public witness. The summary of the law in 'love your neighbor as yourself' connects directly with Jesus' teaching, showing that practical ethics and genuine love are inseparable from the Christian faith.

Fun facts

  • This letter was likely written around A.D. 57, still during the relatively stable early years of Nero's reign — before the violent persecutions the emperor himself would later launch against Christians just a few years afterward, possibly including Paul's own death.
  • The image of 'putting on the armor of light' and 'casting off the works of darkness' draws on common Roman military vocabulary (armor, weapons), a metaphor that readers in Rome, surrounded by the imperial military presence, would easily understand.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Romanos 13:1The “higher powers” are the authorities in charge, in this case Rome, the emperor and the local governors. Paul writes this for a community living under Roman rule, in a specific historical context of coexisting with that power, without passing judgment on governments of other eras.
  2. Romanos 13:2He continues the reasoning of verse 1: if the authorities were ordained by God, resisting them amounts to resisting that ordinance, bringing consequences for whoever does so.
  3. Romanos 13:3He explains the practical logic behind submission: rulers normally punish evil, not good, so whoever acts rightly should have no real reason to fear public authority.
  4. Romanos 13:4The “sword” was the visible symbol of a Roman magistrate's authority to impose punishment, including death. Paul describes this function as part of an order that exists to restrain evil, without going into detail about its limits.
  5. Romanos 13:5He adds a second reason to submit to the authorities, beyond fear of punishment: conscience itself recognizes that submission as right.
  6. Romanos 13:6He links the theme of submission to the paying of taxes: Paul sees them as part of the same system, since he considers rulers “God's ministers” devoted to keeping order.
  7. Romanos 13:7“Tribute” and “custom” were real charges of the Roman government, the first generally a direct tax on people or land, the second indirect trade duties. Paying tax to Rome was a sensitive matter for Jews of that time, and Paul treats it as a normal obligation of coexistence.
  8. Romanos 13:8He shifts subjects, from authority to personal relationships: the only permanent debt among Christians should be mutual love, because that love already fulfills every requirement of the law.
  9. Romanos 13:9He lists several of the Ten Commandments related to how we treat our neighbor (adultery, theft, etc.) to show that all of them fit within a single principle: love your neighbor as yourself.
  10. Romanos 13:10He concludes the reasoning of the previous verse: whoever truly loves causes no harm to anyone, and so love already fulfills, in practice, everything the law requires.
  11. Romanos 13:11He changes tone, introducing urgency: Paul compares the present situation to someone who needs to wake up, because the time of final salvation is nearer now than when the readers first believed.
  12. Romanos 13:12The image is of a soldier arming himself for battle at dawn, trading his sleeping clothes for the armor of light. Paul uses this scene to speak of turning the page from one way of living to another.
  13. Romanos 13:13He details what it means to “walk honestly, as in the day,” as opposed to a life “of the night”: avoiding excesses like drunkenness, sexual immorality, and quarrels, behaviors associated with a life out of control.
  14. Romanos 13:14He closes the chapter with an image of changing clothes: “putting on” Christ means no longer feeding the body's uncontrolled desires, replacing that concern with the character of Jesus.

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