Romanos 13

BLIVRE · Chapter 13/16

1Toda pessoa esteja sujeita às autoridades superiores, porque não há autoridade que não seja da parte de Deus; e as autoridades que existem são ordenadas por Deus.

2Por isso, quem se opõe à autoridade resiste à ordem de Deus; e os que lhe resistem trarão a si mesmos condenação.

3Pois os que possuem autoridade não causam temor às boas obras, mas sim, às más. Queres tu não ter medo de autoridade? Faz o bem, e dela receberás elogio,

4porque ela é serva de Deus para o teu bem. Porém, se fizeres o mal, teme; porque ela não traz a espada em vão. Pois é serva de Deus, vingadora, para castigar a quem faz o mal.

5Portanto, é necessário estar sujeito não somente por causa do castigo, mas também por causa da consciência.

6Por isso também pagais impostos; porque são servidores de Deus, atendendo a essa função.

7Portanto, dai a cada um o que deveis; a quem imposto, imposto; a quem taxa, taxa; a quem temor, temor; a quem honra, honra.

8A ninguém devais coisa alguma, a não ser o amor uns aos outros, pois quem ama o outro tem cumprido a Lei.

9Porque estes [mandamentos] : não adulterarás, não matarás, não roubarás, não dirás falso testemunho, não cobiçarás; e qualquer outro mandamento que há, nesta frase se resumem: “Amarás ao teu próximo como a ti mesmo”.

10O amor não faz mal ao próximo. Assim, o cumprimento da Lei é o amor.

11Além disso, conheceis o tempo, que já é hora de despertarmos do sono, porque a salvação está agora mais perto de nós do que quando começamos a crer.

12A noite está se acabando, e o dia, chegando. Deixemos, pois, as obras das trevas, e vistamo-nos das armas da luz.

13Andemos de maneira decente, como de dia; não em orgias e bebedeiras; não em pecados sexuais ou depravações; não em brigas, nem em inveja.

14Em vez disso, revesti-vos do Senhor Jesus Cristo, e não fiqueis pensando em [realizar] os desejos da carne.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Paul instructs Christians to submit to governing authorities, since they were established by God to maintain order. He sums up the whole law in the command to love one's neighbor and calls believers to live honestly, as those already living in the new day that is drawing near.

Explanation

This chapter has sparked much debate throughout history over just how absolute submission to authorities really is (other biblical texts, such as Acts 5:29, show limits when authority demands disobedience to God). The historical context helps here: Paul was writing to Christians in Rome, the capital of an empire that could easily crush them if they were seen as subversive, so part of his instruction is also about wise public witness. The summary of the law in 'love your neighbor as yourself' connects directly with Jesus' teaching, showing that practical ethics and genuine love are inseparable from the Christian faith.

Fun facts

  • This letter was likely written around A.D. 57, still during the relatively stable early years of Nero's reign — before the violent persecutions the emperor himself would later launch against Christians just a few years afterward, possibly including Paul's own death.
  • The image of 'putting on the armor of light' and 'casting off the works of darkness' draws on common Roman military vocabulary (armor, weapons), a metaphor that readers in Rome, surrounded by the imperial military presence, would easily understand.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Romanos 13:1The “higher powers” are the authorities in charge, in this case Rome, the emperor and the local governors. Paul writes this for a community living under Roman rule, in a specific historical context of coexisting with that power, without passing judgment on governments of other eras.
  2. Romanos 13:2He continues the reasoning of verse 1: if the authorities were ordained by God, resisting them amounts to resisting that ordinance, bringing consequences for whoever does so.
  3. Romanos 13:3He explains the practical logic behind submission: rulers normally punish evil, not good, so whoever acts rightly should have no real reason to fear public authority.
  4. Romanos 13:4The “sword” was the visible symbol of a Roman magistrate's authority to impose punishment, including death. Paul describes this function as part of an order that exists to restrain evil, without going into detail about its limits.
  5. Romanos 13:5He adds a second reason to submit to the authorities, beyond fear of punishment: conscience itself recognizes that submission as right.
  6. Romanos 13:6He links the theme of submission to the paying of taxes: Paul sees them as part of the same system, since he considers rulers “God's ministers” devoted to keeping order.
  7. Romanos 13:7“Tribute” and “custom” were real charges of the Roman government, the first generally a direct tax on people or land, the second indirect trade duties. Paying tax to Rome was a sensitive matter for Jews of that time, and Paul treats it as a normal obligation of coexistence.
  8. Romanos 13:8He shifts subjects, from authority to personal relationships: the only permanent debt among Christians should be mutual love, because that love already fulfills every requirement of the law.
  9. Romanos 13:9He lists several of the Ten Commandments related to how we treat our neighbor (adultery, theft, etc.) to show that all of them fit within a single principle: love your neighbor as yourself.
  10. Romanos 13:10He concludes the reasoning of the previous verse: whoever truly loves causes no harm to anyone, and so love already fulfills, in practice, everything the law requires.
  11. Romanos 13:11He changes tone, introducing urgency: Paul compares the present situation to someone who needs to wake up, because the time of final salvation is nearer now than when the readers first believed.
  12. Romanos 13:12The image is of a soldier arming himself for battle at dawn, trading his sleeping clothes for the armor of light. Paul uses this scene to speak of turning the page from one way of living to another.
  13. Romanos 13:13He details what it means to “walk honestly, as in the day,” as opposed to a life “of the night”: avoiding excesses like drunkenness, sexual immorality, and quarrels, behaviors associated with a life out of control.
  14. Romanos 13:14He closes the chapter with an image of changing clothes: “putting on” Christ means no longer feeding the body's uncontrolled desires, replacing that concern with the character of Jesus.

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