Romanos 11

BLIVRE · Chapter 11/16

1Então pergunto: por acaso Deus rejeitou seu povo? De maneira nenhuma! Pois também eu sou israelita, da descendência de Abraão, da tribo de Benjamim.

2Deus não rejeitou seu povo, o qual desde antes conhecia. Ou não sabeis o que a Escritura diz de Elias? Como ele fala a Deus, contra Israel, dizendo:

3“Senhor, mataram os teus profetas, e derrubaram os teus altares; só eu fiquei, e buscam tirar-me a vida.”

4Mas o que lhe disse a divina resposta? “Reservei para mim sete mil homens que não dobraram os joelhos a Baal.”

5Portanto, também agora no presente tempo ficou um remanescente, escolhido pela graça.

6E, se é pela graça, logo não é pelas obras; de outra maneira, a graça já não é graça. E se é pelas obras, logo não é [pela] graça; de outra maneira a obra já não é obra.

7Então, quê? O que Israel busca, isso não obteve; mas os escolhidos o obtiveram, e os demais foram endurecidos,

8como está escrito: “Deus lhes deu espírito de insensibilidade; olhos que não veem, e ouvidos que não ouvem; até o dia de hoje.”

9E Davi diz: “A mesa deles se torne em laço e armadilha; em meio de tropeço e retribuição para eles.

10Seus olhos se escureçam, para que não vejam, e suas costas fiquem constantemente encurvadas.”

11Então, pergunto: por acaso tropeçaram para que caíssem? De maneira nenhuma! Mas pela queda deles a salvação [veio] aos gentios, para lhes provocarem ciúmes.

12Ora, se a queda deles é o enriquecimento do mundo, e se o prejuízo deles é o enriquecimento dos gentios, quanto mais a sua plenitude!

13Pois falo a vós mesmos, gentios; como sou apóstolo dos gentios, honro meu ministério,

14a fim de que, de alguma maneira, eu provoque ciúmes aos do meu povo, e salve alguns deles.

15Pois, se a rejeição deles é a reconciliação do mundo, o que será sua admissão, senão vida dentre os mortos?

16E se as primícias são santas, a massa também é; e se a raiz é santa, os ramos também são.

17Porém, se alguns dos ramos foram quebrados e separados, e sendo tu oliveira selvagem, foste enxertado no lugar deles, e feito participante da raiz, e nutrido pela boa oliveira,

18não te orgulhes de ser melhor que os ramos. Mesmo se te orgulhares, não és tu que sustentas a raiz, mas sim, a raiz a ti.

19Tu, então, dirás: “Os ramos foram quebrados para que eu fosse enxertado.”

20É verdade. Por causa da incredulidade eles foram quebrados, e tu, por causa da fé estás firme. Não tenhas orgulho, mas sim temor,

21pois, se Deus não poupou os ramos naturais, ele poderá não poupar a ti também.

22Olha, pois, a bondade e severidade de Deus; a severidade sobre os que caíram, mas a bondade sobre ti, se continuares na bondade; de outra maneira, também tu serás cortado fora.

23E também eles, se não continuarem na incredulidade, serão enxertados, porque Deus é poderoso para enxertá-los de volta.

24Pois, se tu foste cortado da oliveira naturalmente selvagem, e contra a natureza enxertado na oliveira boa, quanto mais estes, que são naturais, serão enxertados na sua própria oliveira!

25Não quero, irmãos, que ignoreis este mistério, para que não sejais sábios apenas a vós mesmos: o endurecimento veio em parte sobre Israel, até que a plenitude dos gentios tenha entrado;

26e assim, todo o Israel será salvo, como está escrito: “O Libertador virá de Sião, e afastará as irreverências de Jacó.

27E este será o meu pacto com eles, quando eu tirar os seus pecados.”

28Assim, quanto ao Evangelho, eles são inimigos, para benefício vosso; mas quanto à escolha [divina] , são amados, por causa dos patriarcas.

29Pois os dons gratuitos e o chamado da parte de Deus não podem ser cancelados.

30Pois, assim como vós também antigamente fostes desobedientes a Deus, agora recebestes misericórdia pela desobediência deles,

31assim também agora eles foram desobedientes, a fim de que, pela misericórdia que foi a vós [concedida] , eles também recebam misericórdia;

32porque Deus pôs todos debaixo da desobediência, a fim de ter misericórdia para com todos.

33Ó profundidade das riquezas, tanto da sabedoria como do conhecimento de Deus! Quão incompreensíveis são os seus juízos, e inimagináveis os seus caminhos!

34Pois quem entendeu a mentalidade do Senhor? Ou quem foi o seu conselheiro?

35Ou quem lhe deu primeiro, para ser por ele recompensado?

36Porque dele, por ele, e para ele, [são] todas as coisas! A ele [ seja] a glória eternamente! Amém!

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Paul assures that God has not totally rejected Israel, citing himself as an example of a faithful remnant. He uses the image of an olive tree, into which Gentile branches were grafted, and states that one day all Israel will be saved.

Explanation

Paul concludes his reflection on Israel with hope: the present rejection is neither permanent nor total. The image of the olive tree (the tree of Israel, with natural branches broken off through unbelief and Gentile branches grafted in by faith) teaches humility to Gentiles: they did not replace Israel but were included in the same tree, sustained by the same root. The chapter ends with a hymn of praise to God's unsearchable wisdom, acknowledging that not everything in the divine plan can be fully grasped by the human mind — an invitation to trust, not to spiritual arrogance.

Fun facts

  • The process of 'grafting' wild olive branches onto cultivated trees was actually practiced in ancient Mediterranean agriculture, though usually the reverse of what Paul describes (the common practice was to graft a good branch onto a wild tree) — a detail Paul may use on purpose, to underscore just how extraordinary the grace that includes the Gentiles really is.
  • The quotation 'there shall come out of Sion the Deliverer' (verse 26) combines texts from Isaiah 59:20-21 and 27:9, a technique common among first-century Jewish writers of blending related passages into a single quotation.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Romanos 11:1Paul asks the question that closes the hard argument of chapter 9: has God rejected His people for good? He offers himself as proof of the opposite, being a Jew from the tribe of Benjamin and yet a believer in Christ.
  2. Romanos 11:2He reinforces the denial by citing the story of Elias, a prophet who also mistakenly believed he was alone and that God had given up on Israel.
  3. Romanos 11:3He cites Elias's complaint to God, recorded in 1 Kings: with the prophets killed and the altars torn down, he believed he was the last faithful one left, a target for persecution.
  4. Romanos 11:4Baal was the god of rain and fertility worshiped by Israel's neighboring peoples, and “bowing the knee” was the physical gesture of worship before an idol. The quotation, from 1 Kings, recalls the prophet Elias, who thought he was the only one still faithful to God and is corrected: there was a hidden group that had never given in.
  5. Romanos 11:5Just as in Elias's day, Paul says a faithful group always remains, a “remnant,” even when the majority seems to have drifted away — and this remnant still exists now, by God's choosing, not by its own merit.
  6. Romanos 11:6He explains why he insists so much on the word “grace”: if it depends on grace, it cannot depend on effort at the same time, because mixing the two would cancel out the meaning of each.
  7. Romanos 11:7He sums up what Israel was seeking, a righteousness based on works, but did not obtain; only a chosen group succeeded, while the rest were hardened.
  8. Romanos 11:8He cites a combination of Old Testament texts (Isaiah and Deuteronomy) describing this hardening as something permitted by God: eyes that should not see, ears that should not hear.
  9. Romanos 11:9He cites Psalm 69, from David, asking that even good things, like a bountiful table, become a snare for his enemies — used here to describe Israel's situation.
  10. Romanos 11:10He continues the same quotation from the psalm: darkened eyes and a bowed back, an image of spiritual blindness and heavy burden.
  11. Romanos 11:11Another question in the letter's familiar style: did Israel stumble in order to fall for good? No — their fall opened the way for salvation to reach the Gentiles, which, in turn, should stir up jealousy in Israel.
  12. Romanos 11:12A “how much more” argument: if even Israel's fall brought spiritual riches to the world, their full restoration will bring even greater riches.
  13. Romanos 11:13Paul addresses the Gentile readers directly, making clear his specific role as an apostle sent to them, and he values this calling for a reason he reveals in the next verse.
  14. Romanos 11:14The reason is to stir up jealousy in his own Jewish kinsmen, hoping this will help save at least some of them.
  15. Romanos 11:15He repeats the “how much more” argument from verse 12 in another way: if Israel's rejection already brought reconciliation to the world, their being accepted back would be like a resurrection.
  16. Romanos 11:16“Firstfruit,” the first portion offered to God, and “lump,” the rest of the dough from the same batch, form a comparison with “root” and “branches” of a tree: if the source is consecrated, what comes from it carries the same mark. This sets up the image of the olive tree that comes in the next verse.
  17. Romanos 11:17The “wild olive tree” produces lower-quality olives; grafting one of its branches into a cultivated olive tree was normally the opposite of what was done in the farming of that time, since the usual practice was grafting the good into the wild. Paul uses this reversal on purpose: the non-Jews, the wild branch, were fitted into a root that was not originally theirs, receiving the same sap that sustained the people of Israel.
  18. Romanos 11:18He introduces the olive tree image that will dominate the rest of the chapter: the Gentiles, compared to a grafted branch, have no reason to boast before the natural branches, because it is the root that sustains the branch, never the other way around.
  19. Romanos 11:19Paul anticipates an arrogant reply a Gentile reader might give: “The branches were broken off, that I might be graffed in,” as if that were reason for superiority.
  20. Romanos 11:20He corrects that arrogance: the branches were broken off for lack of faith, and whoever stands in their place stands there by faith, not by merit — a reason to fear, not to boast.
  21. Romanos 11:21The warning becomes more direct: if God did not spare the natural branches when they failed, there is no automatic guarantee He will spare the grafted branch.
  22. Romanos 11:22He describes the two sides of God revealed in this process: severity toward those who fell, goodness toward those who remain in it — with no perpetual guarantee, because whoever drifts away can also be cut off.
  23. Romanos 11:23On the other side, the door is not closed forever: if those who fell abandon their unbelief, God has power to graft them back in.
  24. Romanos 11:24He reinforces this point with a comparison: if the Gentiles, a graft “contrary to nature” into an olive tree that was not originally theirs, have already been accepted, it is even more natural for the original branches to return to their own tree.
  25. Romanos 11:25A “secret,” or mystery, is something only God knew and now reveals — it is not a riddle to decode, it is new information being delivered. Paul describes something temporary, a partial resistance among part of the Jewish people, set to last only up to a certain point, without spelling out the exact timeline here.
  26. Romanos 11:26This is one of the most debated lines in the book: some readings take “Israel” to mean the Jewish people as a whole, others read it as the entire community of faith, Jews and Gentiles together. Paul moves straight into a quotation from Isaiah about a deliverer coming out of Sion, without pausing to settle this ambiguity.
  27. Romanos 11:27He continues the quotation begun in the previous verse (Isaiah): the covenant promised to Israel specifically includes the removal of the people's sins.
  28. Romanos 11:28He describes Israel's paradoxical situation: hostile to the gospel for now, which benefited the Gentiles, but still beloved because of the ancient promise made to the patriarchs.
  29. Romanos 11:29He explains why this promise still stands despite the current rejection: God's gifts and calling are not canceled when He changes His mind, because He does not change His mind about them.
  30. Romanos 11:30Paul draws a parallel between Gentiles and Jews: just as the Gentiles were once disobedient and have now received mercy,
  31. Romanos 11:31the same pattern repeats in reverse: now it is Israel's turn to be in disobedience, so that they too may later receive mercy, the same way the Gentiles did.
  32. Romanos 11:32He sums up the argument of chapters 9 through 11: God allowed everyone, Jews and Gentiles, to fall into disobedience, precisely so He could show mercy to all, without exception.
  33. Romanos 11:33After such a complex argument, Paul bursts into praise: God's logic and plans, revealed here only in part, are still too deep to be fully understood.
  34. Romanos 11:34He cites Isaiah to reinforce this human limitation: no one has full access to the mind of God to the point of counseling or correcting Him.
  35. Romanos 11:35He cites the book of Job: no one gave God anything first that would put Him in the position of owing something back, because everything already comes from Him.
  36. Romanos 11:36He closes the letter's theological block (chapters 1 through 11) with a brief doxology: everything originates from, is sustained by, and exists for God, and that is what deserves eternal glory.

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