Judges 21

KJV · Chapter 21/21

1Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpeh, saying, There shall not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife.

2And the people came to the house of God, and abode there till even before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept sore;

3And said, O Lord God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel?

4And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people rose early, and built there an altar, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.

5And the children of Israel said, Who is there among all the tribes of Israel that came not up with the congregation unto the Lord? For they had made a great oath concerning him that came not up to the Lord to Mizpeh, saying, He shall surely be put to death.

6And the children of Israel repented them for Benjamin their brother, and said, There is one tribe cut off from Israel this day.

7How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing we have sworn by the Lord that we will not give them of our daughters to wives?

8And they said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel that came not up to Mizpeh to the Lord? And, behold, there came none to the camp from Jabesh–gilead to the assembly.

9For the people were numbered, and, behold, there were none of the inhabitants of Jabesh–gilead there.

10And the congregation sent thither twelve thousand men of the valiantest, and commanded them, saying, Go and smite the inhabitants of Jabesh–gilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the children.

11And this is the thing that ye shall do, Ye shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman that hath lain by man.

12And they found among the inhabitants of Jabesh–gilead four hundred young virgins, that had known no man by lying with any male: and they brought them unto the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan.

13And the whole congregation sent some to speak to the children of Benjamin that were in the rock Rimmon, and to call peaceably unto them.

14And Benjamin came again at that time; and they gave them wives which they had saved alive of the women of Jabesh–gilead: and yet so they sufficed them not.

15And the people repented them for Benjamin, because that the Lord had made a breach in the tribes of Israel.

16Then the elders of the congregation said, How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing the women are destroyed out of Benjamin?

17And they said, There must be an inheritance for them that be escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe be not destroyed out of Israel.

18Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin.

19Then they said, Behold, there is a feast of the Lord in Shiloh yearly in a place which is on the north side of Beth–el, on the east side of the highway that goeth up from Beth–el to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah.

20Therefore they commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, Go and lie in wait in the vineyards;

21And see, and, behold, if the daughters of Shiloh come out to dance in dances, then come ye out of the vineyards, and catch you every man his wife of the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin.

22And it shall be, when their fathers or their brethren come unto us to complain, that we will say unto them, Be favourable unto them for our sakes: because we reserved not to each man his wife in the war: for ye did not give unto them at this time, that ye should be guilty.

23And the children of Benjamin did so, and took them wives, according to their number, of them that danced, whom they caught: and they went and returned unto their inheritance, and repaired the cities, and dwelt in them.

24And the children of Israel departed thence at that time, every man to his tribe and to his family, and they went out from thence every man to his inheritance.

25In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Israel regrets nearly wiping out Benjamin and seeks ways to secure wives for the survivors, including attacking Jabesh-gilead and allowing the abduction of young women during a festival at Shiloh.

Explanation

Israel's belated regret over having rashly sworn not to give their daughters in marriage to the Benjamites shows the troubling consequences of vows made in anger without considering their long-term implications - similar to the mistake made by Jephthah in chapter 11. The solutions found, including a violent attack on Jabesh-gilead and the sanctioned abduction of young women dancing at a religious festival, are presented by the text without explicit moral approval, but as an honest portrait of the ethical chaos of the time. The book ends with exactly the same phrase that opened the final section: 'there was no king in Israel; every man did that which was right in his own eyes' - a deliberate closing that prepares the reader for the need for a monarchy, a theme that will soon be developed in 1 Samuel.

Fun facts

  • Jabesh-gilead, attacked in this chapter, would decades later be the first place Saul defended as Israel's new king in 1 Samuel 11, suggesting a historical connection between the two events preserved in local memory.
  • The final phrase of the book of Judges is repeated almost identically in Judges 17:6, forming a literary framing structure (inclusio) that encloses the entire final section of chapters on moral and religious decay.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Judges 21:1Before the war, the men of Israel had sworn at Mizpeh that none of them would give his daughter in marriage to a Benjamite, an oath that now complicates the rebuilding of the nearly extinct tribe.
  2. Judges 21:2The people go to Bethel and stay there before God until evening, weeping a very great weeping over what had happened.
  3. Judges 21:3They ask the Lord why this has happened in Israel, to the point that an entire tribe has almost disappeared.
  4. Judges 21:4The next day, the people build an altar there and offer burnt offerings and peace offerings, trying to deal with the weight of what they have done.
  5. Judges 21:5The Israelites ask who among the tribes did not take part in the gathering at Mizpeh, since they had made a solemn oath: whoever did not come would be put to death.
  6. Judges 21:6The people feel sorry for Benjamin, their own brother, realizing that an entire tribe of Israel has been all but cut off.
  7. Judges 21:7They ask themselves what to do about wives for the Benjamites who are left, since they had sworn not to give their own daughters to them.
  8. Judges 21:8Checking who had not come to the gathering at Mizpeh, they find that no one from Jabesh-gilead had attended.
  9. Judges 21:9When they count the people, they confirm that indeed no inhabitant of Jabesh-gilead was present at the assembly.
  10. Judges 21:10The assembly sends twelve thousand warriors to attack Jabesh-gilead, with orders to kill even the women and children, a punishment for not taking part in the collective oath.
  11. Judges 21:11The specific instruction is to kill every man and every woman who has known a man by lying with him, sparing only those who have not.
  12. Judges 21:12They find four hundred young virgins in Jabesh-gilead, whom they bring to the camp at Shiloh, in the land of Canaan, as possible wives for Benjamin.
  13. Judges 21:13The assembly sends messengers to offer peace to the surviving Benjamites who were still hiding at the rock of Rimmon.
  14. Judges 21:14The Benjamites come back, and receive these women from Jabesh-gilead as wives, but there are still not enough for all the men who are left.
  15. Judges 21:15The people keep feeling sorry for Benjamin, because the Lord had allowed such a great breach among the tribes of Israel.
  16. Judges 21:16The elders of the assembly ask again what to do to find wives for the Benjamites who are left, since almost all the women of the tribe were killed in the war.
  17. Judges 21:17They recognize that this inheritance of Benjamin's survivors must be preserved, so that the tribe does not vanish from Israel for good.
  18. Judges 21:18But they remain bound by their own oath not to give their daughters in marriage to men of Benjamin, under penalty of a curse.
  19. Judges 21:19So they remember there is a yearly feast of the Lord at Shiloh, in a precise location between Bethel and Shechem, north of Lebonah.
  20. Judges 21:20They instruct the Benjamites to hide in the vineyards near Shiloh, waiting for the right moment during the feast.
  21. Judges 21:21The plan is that, when the young women of Shiloh come out to dance in the celebrations, each Benjamite will come out of the vineyard and seize one of them to take as a wife to the land of Benjamin.
  22. Judges 21:22They also agree on what to say to the fathers and brothers of these young women if they complain: to ask for mercy, since technically no one gave away his own daughter, thus sidestepping the oath made earlier.
  23. Judges 21:23The Benjamites follow this plan, take the wives they need during the dance, return to their own land, and rebuild the cities to live in them.
  24. Judges 21:24After this, the Israelites also disperse, each one returning to his own tribe and his inheritance of land.
  25. Judges 21:25The book ends by repeating that there was no king in Israel and everyone did what was right in his own eyes. The line sums up the pattern of the final chapters: violence and decisions made with no shared authority at all.

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