Judges 18

KJV · Chapter 18/21

1In those days there was no king in Israel: and in those days the tribe of the Danites sought them an inheritance to dwell in; for unto that day all their inheritance had not fallen unto them among the tribes of Israel.

2And the children of Dan sent of their family five men from their coasts, men of valour, from Zorah, and from Eshtaol, to spy out the land, and to search it; and they said unto them, Go, search the land: who when they came to mount Ephraim, to the house of Micah, they lodged there.

3When they were by the house of Micah, they knew the voice of the young man the Levite: and they turned in thither, and said unto him, Who brought thee hither? and what makest thou in this place? and what hast thou here?

4And he said unto them, Thus and thus dealeth Micah with me, and hath hired me, and I am his priest.

5And they said unto him, Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God, that we may know whether our way which we go shall be prosperous.

6And the priest said unto them, Go in peace: before the Lord is your way wherein ye go.

7Then the five men departed, and came to Laish, and saw the people that were therein, how they dwelt careless, after the manner of the Zidonians, quiet and secure; and there was no magistrate in the land, that might put them to shame in any thing; and they were far from the Zidonians, and had no business with any man.

8And they came unto their brethren to Zorah and Eshtaol: and their brethren said unto them, What say ye?

9And they said, Arise, that we may go up against them: for we have seen the land, and, behold, it is very good: and are ye still? be not slothful to go, and to enter to possess the land.

10When ye go, ye shall come unto a people secure, and to a large land: for God hath given it into your hands; a place where there is no want of any thing that is in the earth.

11And there went from thence of the family of the Danites, out of Zorah and out of Eshtaol, six hundred men appointed with weapons of war.

12And they went up, and pitched in Kirjath–jearim, in Judah: wherefore they called that place Mahaneh–dan unto this day: behold, it is behind Kirjath–jearim.

13And they passed thence unto mount Ephraim, and came unto the house of Micah.

14Then answered the five men that went to spy out the country of Laish, and said unto their brethren, Do ye know that there is in these houses an ephod, and teraphim, and a graven image, and a molten image? now therefore consider what ye have to do.

15And they turned thitherward, and came to the house of the young man the Levite, even unto the house of Micah, and saluted him.

16And the six hundred men appointed with their weapons of war, which were of the children of Dan, stood by the entering of the gate.

17And the five men that went to spy out the land went up, and came in thither, and took the graven image, and the ephod, and the teraphim, and the molten image: and the priest stood in the entering of the gate with the six hundred men that were appointed with weapons of war.

18And these went into Micah’s house, and fetched the carved image, the ephod, and the teraphim, and the molten image. Then said the priest unto them, What do ye?

19And they said unto him, Hold thy peace, lay thine hand upon thy mouth, and go with us, and be to us a father and a priest: is it better for thee to be a priest unto the house of one man, or that thou be a priest unto a tribe and a family in Israel?

20And the priest’s heart was glad, and he took the ephod, and the teraphim, and the graven image, and went in the midst of the people.

21So they turned and departed, and put the little ones and the cattle and the carriage before them.

22And when they were a good way from the house of Micah, the men that were in the houses near to Micah’s house were gathered together, and overtook the children of Dan.

23And they cried unto the children of Dan. And they turned their faces, and said unto Micah, What aileth thee, that thou comest with such a company?

24And he said, Ye have taken away my gods which I made, and the priest, and ye are gone away: and what have I more? and what is this that ye say unto me, What aileth thee?

25And the children of Dan said unto him, Let not thy voice be heard among us, lest angry fellows run upon thee, and thou lose thy life, with the lives of thy household.

26And the children of Dan went their way: and when Micah saw that they were too strong for him, he turned and went back unto his house.

27And they took the things which Micah had made, and the priest which he had, and came unto Laish, unto a people that were at quiet and secure: and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and burnt the city with fire.

28And there was no deliverer, because it was far from Zidon, and they had no business with any man; and it was in the valley that lieth by Beth–rehob. And they built a city, and dwelt therein.

29And they called the name of the city Dan, after the name of Dan their father, who was born unto Israel: howbeit the name of the city was Laish at the first.

30And the children of Dan set up the graven image: and Jonathan, the son of Gershom, the son of Manasseh, he and his sons were priests to the tribe of Dan until the day of the captivity of the land.

31And they set them up Micah’s graven image, which he made, all the time that the house of God was in Shiloh.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

The tribe of Dan, lacking sufficient territory, sends spies who discover and steal Micah's idols, persuade his Levite priest to follow them, and conquer the peaceful city of Laish, renaming it Dan.

Explanation

The tribe of Dan, unable to conquer its original territory allotted by Joshua, seeks an easier alternative by attacking a peaceful and defenseless city - showing how a lack of faith to face the original challenge led to a morally questionable shortcut. The brazen theft of Micah's idols and priest, justified by the pragmatic argument that it is 'better to be priest of a whole tribe' than of a single family, reveals how religion had become transactional and opportunistic, without genuine commitment to the truth. This chapter documents the historical origin of a center of idolatry that would persist in Dan for centuries, later becoming one of the two sites of the golden calves set up by King Jeroboam (1 Kings 12:29).

Fun facts

  • The Levite priest mentioned here is identified in verse 30 as Jonathan, grandson of Moses (the original Hebrew text had 'Moses,' later altered by scribes to 'Manasseh' out of reverence, changing just one letter).
  • The city of Dan, founded in this episode, later became the northern geographic reference point of Israel in the common biblical expression 'from Dan to Beersheba,' used to describe the entire territory of the nation.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Judges 18:1In this time with no king in Israel, the tribe of Dan was still looking for a fixed territory to settle in, since it had not received enough land before.
  2. Judges 18:2The Danites send five valiant men from Zorah and Eshtaol to spy out the land; along the way, they spend the night at Micah's house, in the region of Ephraim.
  3. Judges 18:3Near Micah's house, the spies recognize the young Levite's accent and ask what he is doing there and who brought him.
  4. Judges 18:4The Levite explains the arrangement with Micah: he was hired by him to serve as the household's personal priest.
  5. Judges 18:5The spies ask him to inquire of God so they can know whether their journey will succeed.
  6. Judges 18:6The priest answers that they may go in peace, that their way is before the eyes of the Lord, a generic answer that sounds more like convenience than a true revelation.
  7. Judges 18:7The five men arrive at Laish and find a quiet, secure people, living isolated, with no allies nearby to help them in case of attack.
  8. Judges 18:8They return to Zorah and Eshtaol, and their relatives ask what they found out on the trip.
  9. Judges 18:9The spies recommend attacking right away, assuring the others that the land is excellent and that there is no sense in staying still when this opportunity exists.
  10. Judges 18:10They describe the land as wide open and abundant, a place God has already given into their hands, lacking nothing that exists on earth.
  11. Judges 18:11Six hundred armed men from the tribe of Dan set out from Zorah and Eshtaol for this conquest.
  12. Judges 18:12They camp at Kirjath-jearim, in Judah, and the place comes to be called Mahaneh-dan, a name that still existed when the book was written.
  13. Judges 18:13From there they head on to the hill country of Ephraim, until they arrive again at Micah's house.
  14. Judges 18:14The five spies remind the others that in that house there is an ephod, household idols, and a carved and molten image, suggesting they take the chance to carry it all off.
  15. Judges 18:15They go into the young Levite's quarters, within Micah's property, and greet him.
  16. Judges 18:16The six hundred armed men wait at the entrance, ready to act if something goes wrong.
  17. Judges 18:17Meanwhile, the five spies go in and take the carved image, the ephod, the household idols, and the molten image, with the priest standing at the gate beside the armed men.
  18. Judges 18:18Seeing the theft happening, the priest asks what they are doing with the household's sacred objects.
  19. Judges 18:19The men of Dan persuade him to keep quiet and come along with them, arguing it is far better to be priest to an entire tribe than to a single household.
  20. Judges 18:20The priest's heart is glad at this offer, and he takes the ephod, the idols, and the image, and goes along with the group.
  21. Judges 18:21They resume their march, putting the little ones, the livestock, and the baggage in front, likely to protect them in case of pursuit.
  22. Judges 18:22Already far from Micah's house, his neighbors gather together and set out after the men of Dan.
  23. Judges 18:23When they are overtaken, the Danites turn around and ask Micah why he has gathered so many men to chase after them.
  24. Judges 18:24Micah laments that the men of Dan have carried off the gods he himself had made, asking what else he has left. The irony of the text is that an idol made by human hands cannot even protect its own owner from being robbed.
  25. Judges 18:25The men of Dan threaten Micah, warning that if he keeps complaining, men of a violent temper might attack him, costing him his life and his family's as well.
  26. Judges 18:26Seeing that the Danites are stronger than he is, Micah gives up, turns back, and returns home without his gods or his priest.
  27. Judges 18:27The men of Dan go on with what they had taken from Micah's house and reach Laish, attacking that quiet, unsuspecting people, striking them with the sword and burning the city with fire.
  28. Judges 18:28No one comes to help the people of Laish because they lived isolated, far from Sidon and with no allies nearby; after this the Danites rebuild the city and settle in it.
  29. Judges 18:29They give the city the name Dan, in honor of their own tribal ancestor, since the place had previously been called Laish.
  30. Judges 18:30The tribe of Dan sets up Micah's idol and keeps a priest descended from Moses serving there throughout the whole time the sanctuary stood at Shiloh, a detail the oldest manuscripts preserve even though it is awkward for that lineage.
  31. Judges 18:31The image Micah had made stays set up there among the Danites for the whole period the house of God stood in Shiloh.

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