Judges 3

KJV · Chapter 3/21

1Now these are the nations which the Lord left, to prove Israel by them, even as many of Israel as had not known all the wars of Canaan;

2Only that the generations of the children of Israel might know, to teach them war, at the least such as before knew nothing thereof;

3Namely, five lords of the Philistines, and all the Canaanites, and the Sidonians, and the Hivites that dwelt in mount Lebanon, from mount Baal–hermon unto the entering in of Hamath.

4And they were to prove Israel by them, to know whether they would hearken unto the commandments of the Lord, which he commanded their fathers by the hand of Moses.

5And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites, Hittites, and Amorites, and Perizzites, and Hivites, and Jebusites:

6And they took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their daughters to their sons, and served their gods.

7And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord, and forgat the Lord their God, and served Baalim and the groves.

8Therefore the anger of the Lord was hot against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of Chushan–rishathaim king of Mesopotamia: and the children of Israel served Chushan–rishathaim eight years.

9And when the children of Israel cried unto the Lord, the Lord raised up a deliverer to the children of Israel, who delivered them, even Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother.

10And the Spirit of the Lord came upon him, and he judged Israel, and went out to war: and the Lord delivered Chushan–rishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand; and his hand prevailed against Chushan–rishathaim.

11And the land had rest forty years. And Othniel the son of Kenaz died.

12And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the Lord: and the Lord strengthened Eglon the king of Moab against Israel, because they had done evil in the sight of the Lord.

13And he gathered unto him the children of Ammon and Amalek, and went and smote Israel, and possessed the city of palm trees.

14So the children of Israel served Eglon the king of Moab eighteen years.

15But when the children of Israel cried unto the Lord, the Lord raised them up a deliverer, Ehud the son of Gera, a Benjamite, a man lefthanded: and by him the children of Israel sent a present unto Eglon the king of Moab.

16But Ehud made him a dagger which had two edges, of a cubit length; and he did gird it under his raiment upon his right thigh.

17And he brought the present unto Eglon king of Moab: and Eglon was a very fat man.

18And when he had made an end to offer the present, he sent away the people that bare the present.

19But he himself turned again from the quarries that were by Gilgal, and said, I have a secret errand unto thee, O king: who said, Keep silence. And all that stood by him went out from him.

20And Ehud came unto him; and he was sitting in a summer parlour, which he had for himself alone. And Ehud said, I have a message from God unto thee. And he arose out of his seat.

21And Ehud put forth his left hand, and took the dagger from his right thigh, and thrust it into his belly:

22And the haft also went in after the blade; and the fat closed upon the blade, so that he could not draw the dagger out of his belly; and the dirt came out.

23Then Ehud went forth through the porch, and shut the doors of the parlour upon him, and locked them.

24When he was gone out, his servants came; and when they saw that, behold, the doors of the parlour were locked, they said, Surely he covereth his feet in his summer chamber.

25And they tarried till they were ashamed: and, behold, he opened not the doors of the parlour; therefore they took a key, and opened them: and, behold, their lord was fallen down dead on the earth.

26And Ehud escaped while they tarried, and passed beyond the quarries, and escaped unto Seirath.

27And it came to pass, when he was come, that he blew a trumpet in the mountain of Ephraim, and the children of Israel went down with him from the mount, and he before them.

28And he said unto them, Follow after me: for the Lord hath delivered your enemies the Moabites into your hand. And they went down after him, and took the fords of Jordan toward Moab, and suffered not a man to pass over.

29And they slew of Moab at that time about ten thousand men, all lusty, and all men of valour; and there escaped not a man.

30So Moab was subdued that day under the hand of Israel. And the land had rest fourscore years.

31And after him was Shamgar the son of Anath, which slew of the Philistines six hundred men with an ox goad: and he also delivered Israel.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

God raises up the first judges: Othniel delivers Israel from oppression by Mesopotamia, Ehud kills the obese king Eglon of Moab with a hidden dagger, and Shamgar kills six hundred Philistines with an ox goad.

Explanation

These first three deliverers show the diversity of ways God works: Othniel is a conventional military leader, Ehud uses cunning and a concealed weapon (being left-handed, he slipped past the guards who searched the right side), and Shamgar uses nothing more than a common farming tool. Ehud's story, though violent, was told with dark humor in ancient Hebrew culture — the grotesque details about the fat king and the servants hesitant to interrupt his privacy highlight the irony of an arrogant oppressor's downfall. The central message is that God does not depend on sophisticated weapons or large armies to deliver his people.

Fun facts

  • Being left-handed in the tribe of Benjamin is mentioned repeatedly in Judges (also in chapter 20), suggesting this trait was relatively common or notable within that particular tribe.
  • Shamgar, who killed 600 Philistines with an ox goad (a long stick used to drive cattle), is cited decades later in the Song of Deborah (Judges 5:6) as a time marker well known to the people.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Judges 3:1Here the text lists the nations the Lord deliberately left behind to test Israel, especially the generations that had not experienced any of the wars of Canaan.
  2. Judges 3:2The purpose is for the new generations to learn to fight, since those who had never seen war needed this kind of experience.
  3. Judges 3:3Five Philistine lords are named, along with the Canaanites, the Sidonians, and the Hivites who lived in the mountains of Lebanon, from mount Baal-hermon to the entrance of Hamath.
  4. Judges 3:4These peoples were left to test Israel, to see whether the people would obey the commandments the Lord had given to Moses.
  5. Judges 3:5So Israel came to live mixed together with Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites.
  6. Judges 3:6The Israelites married the daughters of these peoples and gave their own daughters in marriage to them, and ended up serving their gods. This is exactly what had been forbidden from the very beginning.
  7. Judges 3:7Israel did what was evil in the sight of the Lord, forgetting Him and serving the Baalim and Ashtaroth.
  8. Judges 3:8The Lord’s anger burns, and He sells Israel into the hand of Chushan-rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia; the people serve him for eight years, the first oppression of the cycle.
  9. Judges 3:9Israel cries out to the Lord, and He raises up a deliverer, Othniel, the same nephew of Caleb who had already appeared conquering a city back in chapter 1.
  10. Judges 3:10The Spirit of the Lord coming upon Othniel is the mark of a judge in this book: it is not a royal anointing or an inherited office, but a one-time calling to lead the deliverance of that specific moment.
  11. Judges 3:11The land has rest for forty years after Othniel’s victory, until he dies.
  12. Judges 3:12Israel again does what is evil, and the Lord strengthens Eglon, king of Moab, against the people.
  13. Judges 3:13Eglon joins forces with the Ammonites and Amalekites, attacks Israel, and takes the city of palm trees, another name for Jericho.
  14. Judges 3:14Eighteen years under the king of Moab make up the second period of oppression in the book of Judges, until Ehud, a left-handed man, kills Eglon in cold blood and delivers the people.
  15. Judges 3:15Israel cries out again, and the Lord raises up Ehud, a left-handed Benjamite, as deliverer; the people send tribute to king Eglon by his hand.
  16. Judges 3:16Ehud forges a short, double-edged sword and straps it to his right thigh, contrary to custom, precisely because he was left-handed. King Eglon’s guards, used to searching visitors on the left side, would never find it there.
  17. Judges 3:17Ehud presents the tribute to Eglon, described as a very fat man, a detail that will matter in the scene that follows.
  18. Judges 3:18After presenting the gift, Ehud sends away the men who had carried the tribute along with him.
  19. Judges 3:19Turning back from the stone quarries near Gilgal, Ehud says he has a secret message for the king; Eglon sends all his attendants out so he can hear it alone.
  20. Judges 3:20Ehud comes in to the cool upper chamber where the king is sitting alone and says he has a word from God for him; Eglon rises from his seat on hearing this.
  21. Judges 3:21Ehud reaches out with his left hand, draws the sword hidden on his right thigh, and thrusts it into the king’s belly.
  22. Judges 3:22The text describes in raw detail how the sword sinks into Eglon’s fat until it disappears entirely. It is a violent scene the narrative does not soften, because the point of the account is to show Ehud as a cunning deliverer, not to praise cruelty for its own sake.
  23. Judges 3:23After the blow, Ehud goes out into the hallway and locks the doors of the chamber behind him.
  24. Judges 3:24The servants arrive, find the doors locked, and conclude that the king must simply be relieving himself inside, suspecting nothing.
  25. Judges 3:25Eglon’s servants wait so long to go in, assuming the king is merely relieving himself, that Ehud has more than enough time to escape before they discover the body.
  26. Judges 3:26While the servants wait, Ehud has already escaped, passing by the stone quarries until he reaches Seirath.
  27. Judges 3:27On reaching the mountains of Ephraim, Ehud blows the trumpet, and the Israelites come down with him, following him at their head.
  28. Judges 3:28He tells the people to follow him, because the Lord has delivered the Moabites into their hand; they seize the fords of the Jordan and let no one cross.
  29. Judges 3:29They kill about ten thousand Moabites, all strong, able-bodied men, without letting a single one escape.
  30. Judges 3:30Moab is subdued that day, and the land has rest for eighty years.
  31. Judges 3:31Shamgar appears in this single verse alone, killing six hundred Philistines with an ox goad, a farming tool, not a weapon. This reinforces the idea that the judges were deliverers suddenly raised up, not a class of professional warriors.

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