Êxodo 1

ARC · Chapter 1/40

1Estes pois são os nomes dos filhos de Israel, que entraram no Egypto com Jacob: cada um entrou com sua casa:

2Ruben, Simeão, Levi, e Judah;

3Issacar, Zabulon, e Benjamin;

4Dan e Naphtali, Gad e Aser.

5Todas as almas, pois, que procederam da côxa de Jacob, foram setenta almas: José, porém, estava no Egypto.

6Sendo pois José fallecido, e todos os seus irmãos, e toda aquella geração,

7Os filhos de Israel fructificaram, e augmentaram muito, e multiplicaram-se, e foram fortalecidos grandemente; de maneira que a terra se encheu d'elles.

8Depois levantou-se um novo rei sobre o Egypto, que não conhecera a José;

9O qual disse ao seu povo: Eis que o povo dos filhos de Israel é muito, e mais poderoso do que nós.

10Eia, usemos sabiamente para com elle, para que não se multiplique, e aconteça que, vindo guerra, elle tambem se ajunte com os nossos inimigos, e peleje contra nós, e suba da terra.

11E pozeram sobre elles maioraes de tributos, para os affligirem com suas cargas. Porque edificaram a Pharaó cidades de thesouros, Pitom e Ramesses.

12Mas quanto mais o affligiam, tanto mais se multiplicava, e tanto mais crescia: de maneira que se enfadavam por causa dos filhos de Israel.

13E os egypcios faziam servir os filhos de Israel com dureza;

14Assim que lhes fizeram amargar a vida com dura servidão em barro, e em tijolos, e com todo o trabalho no campo; com todo o seu serviço, em que os serviam com dureza.

15E o rei do Egypto fallou ás parteiras das hebreas (das quaes o nome de uma era Siphra, e o nome da outra Pua),

16E disse: Quando ajudardes a parir as hebreas, e as virdes sobre os assentos, se fôr filho, matae-o; mas se fôr filha, então viva.

17As parteiras, porém, temeram a Deus, e não fizeram como o rei do Egypto lhes dissera, antes conservavam os meninos com vida.

18Então o rei do Egypto chamou as parteiras, e disse-lhes: Porque fizestes isto, que guardastes os meninos com vida?

19E as parteiras disseram a Pharaó: Porquanto as mulheres hebreas não são como as egypcias: porque são vivas, e já teem parido antes que a parteira venha a ellas.

20Portanto Deus fez bem ás parteiras. E o povo se augmentou, e se fortaleceu muito.

21E aconteceu que, porquanto as parteiras temeram a Deus, estabeleceu-lhes casas.

22Então ordenou Pharaó a todo o seu povo, dizendo: A todos os filhos que nascerem lancareis no rio, mas a todas as filhas guardareis com vida.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Jacob's descendants multiply greatly in Egypt; a new pharaoh, fearing Israel's growth, enslaves them with forced labor and orders the Hebrew midwives to kill the newborn baby boys.

Explanation

This chapter opens the book of Exodus with a dramatic reversal: the family that Joseph had saved with honor at the end of Genesis has now become, generations later, a perceived threat in the eyes of a new pharaoh 'who knew not Joseph.' Fear of a foreign people's growing strength leads to systematic oppression, showing how prejudice and political insecurity can breed mass cruelty. In the midst of this escalating violence, the midwives Shiphrah and Puah stand out as quiet heroines who defy the king's order because they fear God more than human authority, and they are rewarded for their courage. The observation that 'the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied' already reveals a central theme of the book: no human oppression can thwart the plans of God. The lesson for today is that integrity and moral courage in the face of unjust orders carry eternal value, even when they seem small against established power.

Fun facts

  • The cities of Pithom and Rameses, built by the Hebrews as 'treasure cities' (v. 11), are mentioned in Egyptian records and identified by archaeologists with real sites in the Nile delta region, linking the biblical account to the documented historical geography of ancient Egypt.
  • The names of the midwives, Shiphrah and Puah, are preserved in the text, a notable detail considering that the oppressive pharaoh, one of the most powerful figures in the account, remains nameless — a sign that the Bible values and remembers the acts of courage of ordinary people more than political power.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Êxodo 1:1Exodus opens right where Genesis left off: it repeats the list of Jacob’s sons who came into Egypt with him, each one with his own household, picking up the scene already told in Genesis 46.
  2. Êxodo 1:2It follows the birth order of Leah’s sons: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, the first four, in the same sequence as Genesis.
  3. Êxodo 1:3Leah’s sons continue with Issachar and Zebulun, and then comes Benjamin, Jacob’s youngest and the only son of Rachel born in Canaan.
  4. Êxodo 1:4The list closes with Dan and Naphtali, sons of Bilhah, and Gad and Asher, sons of Zilpah — Jacob’s four mothers together complete the twelve names.
  5. Êxodo 1:5The total of seventy matches the count in Genesis 46; Joseph was already in Egypt, so he is not counted among those who “came into Egypt” with their father.
  6. Êxodo 1:6An entire generation passes in just a few words: Joseph, his brothers, and that whole generation die, clearing the way for the new setting of the chapter.
  7. Êxodo 1:7Without giving numbers, the text marks the explosive growth of the Hebrew people in Egypt — it is this growth that will worry the new pharaoh next.
  8. Êxodo 1:8A new king rises to the throne with no memory of what Joseph had done for Egypt. It is this loss of memory that changes the until-then peaceful relationship with the Hebrews.
  9. Êxodo 1:9Calling the Hebrews “more and mightier than we” is an exaggeration on Pharaoh’s part, meant to justify the oppression he is about to announce.
  10. Êxodo 1:10Pharaoh’s fear is that the numerous Hebrews will join an enemy in a war and then leave Egypt, taking the slave labor force away with them.
  11. Êxodo 1:11The “taskmasters” were overseers put in charge of exploiting the Hebrews’ forced labor, not ordinary tax collectors. The “treasure cities” were storehouses and warehouses of the Egyptian government, a kind of logistical base for the kingdom, built right in the region where the Hebrews lived. It is on these projects that Pharaoh starts using Israelite slave labor.
  12. Êxodo 1:12Pharaoh’s plan fails: instead of holding the people back, the oppression seems to backfire, and the Egyptians grow even more afraid of them.
  13. Êxodo 1:13It sums up decades of forced labor in a few words: the Egyptians treated the Hebrews with harshness, not as hired workers.
  14. Êxodo 1:14“Mortar” and “brick” describe heavy construction work; “in the field” includes forced farm labor — the summary of the slavery the Hebrews had already been suffering for generations.
  15. Êxodo 1:15Shiphrah and Puah are the only Hebrew midwives named, perhaps leaders of a larger group in charge of delivering the Hebrew women’s babies.
  16. Êxodo 1:16The “stools” were the little bench or pair of stones a Hebrew woman sat or crouched on during childbirth, a common way to give birth at the time. Pharaoh gives the gruesome order right there, at the moment of birth: if it is a boy, kill him; if a girl, let her live. It is the first extermination plan against the Hebrew people, disguised as routine childbirth.
  17. Êxodo 1:17The midwives disobey the order to kill the boys because they fear God more than Pharaoh — the book’s first act of resistance, carried out by two ordinary women.
  18. Êxodo 1:18Pharaoh realizes the order was not carried out and summons the midwives to explain themselves, opening the dialogue of the next verse.
  19. Êxodo 1:19The midwives tell Pharaoh that the Hebrew women are “lively,” meaning strong and quick in labor, and give birth before the midwives can arrive to help. It is the excuse they use to justify why they did not kill the boys as Pharaoh had ordered. There is no way to know whether it was a lie or partly true; the text only records that God rewarded their attitude.
  20. Êxodo 1:20God rewards the midwives’ attitude, and the text again marks the growth of the Hebrew people, now in spite of Pharaoh’s direct persecution.
  21. Êxodo 1:21“He made them houses” means that God gave the midwives families of their own — a common biblical way of describing a reward for faithfulness.
  22. Êxodo 1:22After the midwives get around the earlier order, Pharaoh changes strategy and commands the whole Egyptian people to throw newborn Hebrew boys into the Nile. It is this decree that explains why Moses’s mother has to hide her son and, in the next chapter, risk setting him afloat in a basket.

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