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Deuteronômio 14

BLIVRE · Chapter 14/34

1Filhos sois do SENHOR vosso Deus: não vos cortareis, nem poreis calva sobre vossos olhos por morto;

2Porque és povo santo ao SENHOR teu Deus, e o SENHOR te escolheu para que lhe sejas um povo singular dentre todos os povos que estão sobre a face da terra.

3Nada abominável comerás.

4Estes são os animais que comereis: o boi, a ovelha, e a cabra,

5O cervo, o corço, e o búfalo, e o bode selvagem, e o antílope, e boi selvagem, e cabra selvagem.

6E todo animal de unhas, que tem brecha de duas unhas, e que ruminar entre os animais, esse comereis.

7Porém estes não comereis dos que ruminam, ou têm unha fendida: camelo, e lebre, e coelho, porque ruminam, mas não têm unha fendida, vos serão impuros;

8Nem porco: porque tem unha fendida, mas não rumina, vos será impuro. Da carne destes não comereis, nem tocareis seus corpos mortos.

9Isto comereis de tudo o que está na água: todo o que tem barbatana e escama comereis;

10Mas todo o que não tiver barbatana e escama, não comereis: impuro vos será.

11Toda ave limpa comereis.

12E estas são das que não comereis: a água, e o quebra-ossos, e o esmerilhão,

13E o milhafre, e o abutre, e o falcão segundo sua espécie,

14E todo corvo segundo sua espécie,

15E o avestruz, e a coruja, e a gaivota, e o gavião segundo sua espécie,

16E o mocho, e o corujão, e a coruja-branca,

17E o pelicano, e o gavião-pescador, e o corvo-marinho,

18E a cegonha, e a garça segundo sua espécie, e a poupa, e o morcego.

19E todo inseto de asas vos será impuro: não se comerá.

20Toda ave limpa comereis.

21Nenhuma coisa morta comereis: ao estrangeiro que está em tuas povoações a darás, e ele a comerá: ou vende-a ao estrangeiro; porque tu és povo santo ao SENHOR teu Deus. Não cozerás o cabrito no leite de sua mãe.

22Indispensavelmente dizimarás todo o produto de tua semente, que render o campo cada ano.

23E comerás diante do SENHOR teu Deus no lugar que ele escolher para fazer habitar ali seu nome, o dízimo de teu grão, de teu vinho, e de teu azeite, e os primogênitos de tuas manadas, e de tuas gados, para que aprendas a temer ao SENHOR teu Deus todos os dias.

24E se o caminho for tão longo que tu não possas levá-lo por ele, por estar longe de ti o lugar que o SENHOR teu Deus houver escolhido para pôr nele seu nome, quando o SENHOR teu Deus te abençoar,

25Então o venderás, e atarás o dinheiro em tua mão, e virás ao lugar que o SENHOR teu Deus escolher;

26E darás o dinheiro por tudo o que desejar tua alma, por vacas, ou por ovelhas, ou por vinho, ou por bebida forte, ou por qualquer coisa que tua alma te pedir: e comerás ali diante do SENHOR teu Deus, e te alegrarás tu e tua família.

27E não desampararás ao levita que habitar em tuas povoações; porque não tem parte nem herança contigo.

28Ao fim de cada três anos tirarás todo o dízimo de teus produtos daquele ano, e o guardarás em tuas cidades:

29E virá o levita, que não tem parte nem herança contigo, e o estrangeiro, e o órfão, e a viúva, que houver em tuas povoações, e comerão e serão saciados; para que o SENHOR teu Deus te abençoe em toda obra de tuas mãos que fizeres.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Moses repeats the dietary laws (clean and unclean animals) already given in Leviticus, forbids pagan mourning practices such as cutting the body, and details the tithing system, including a special provision every three years for Levites, foreigners, orphans, and widows.

Explanation

The repetition of the dietary laws here, decades after Leviticus, shows the ongoing importance of these practices as markers of Israel's distinct identity among the nations, even on the eve of entering the promised land and facing new cultural influences. The prohibition of ritual mourning cuts ('ye shall not cut yourselves... for the dead') distinguished Israelite mourning from Canaanite practices of self-mutilation in funeral rites, once again tying religious identity to visible, everyday practices. The three-year tithe system, directed specifically toward the most vulnerable members of society (the Levite, the foreigner, the orphan, the widow), shows an economic structure deliberately built to include regular, institutionalized social care, not merely occasional, voluntary charity.

Fun facts

  • The prohibition against 'seething a kid in his mother's milk' (v. 21), repeated three times in the Torah (here, and in Exodus 23:19 and 34:26), is the basis for the modern Jewish practice of keeping meat and dairy completely separate (kashrut), although the exact original meaning of the prohibition is still debated among scholars.
  • The special three-year tithe for the poor (v. 28-29), distinct from the regular annual tithe, is sometimes called by scholars the 'third tithe' or the 'poor tithe,' showing a social welfare system structured in multi-year cycles within Israel's agricultural economy.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Deuteronômio 14:1It forbids Canaanite mourning rituals, such as cutting the body or shaving the forehead for the dead — practices common among neighboring peoples but off-limits to Israel.
  2. Deuteronômio 14:2It repeats the reason behind these rules: Israel is a holy people, chosen by God out of all the nations on earth.
  3. Deuteronômio 14:3It introduces the block of dietary laws with a general rule: nothing considered detestable was to be eaten.
  4. Deuteronômio 14:4It begins the list of permitted animals: ox, sheep, and goat, the most common domestic animals.
  5. Deuteronômio 14:5It continues the list with permitted wild animals: deer, gazelle, roebuck, wild goat, and similar animals.
  6. Deuteronômio 14:6The rule of eating only animals that chew the cud and have a split hoof excludes the pig, which has a split hoof but doesn’t chew the cud, and also the camel or the hare, which chew the cud but don’t have a split hoof. It’s the same list from Leviticus 11, repeated here as part of Moses’s final speech.
  7. Deuteronômio 14:7It excludes from the permitted list animals that meet only one of the two conditions (chewing the cud or having a split hoof), such as the camel, the hare, and the rabbit.
  8. Deuteronômio 14:8It specifically excludes the pig, which has a split hoof but doesn’t chew the cud — forbidden both to eat and to touch its carcass.
  9. Deuteronômio 14:9It moves on to water creatures: only those with fins and scales are permitted.
  10. Deuteronômio 14:10Everything that lives in the water without fins and scales is considered unclean and forbidden.
  11. Deuteronômio 14:11General rule for birds: any bird classified as clean may be eaten.
  12. Deuteronômio 14:12It begins the list of forbidden birds: the eagle, the ossifrage, and the osprey, birds of prey associated with death and carrion.
  13. Deuteronômio 14:13It continues the list with the glede, the kite, and the vulture, birds of prey after their kind.
  14. Deuteronômio 14:14The raven makes the list of unclean animals — yet it would later be a raven that fed the prophet Elijah in the wilderness, bringing him bread and meat (1 Kings 17).
  15. Deuteronômio 14:15These birds of prey and desert birds complete this part of the list of those unfit to eat — notice that the Bible doesn’t explain the reason for each prohibition, it just lists which ones to avoid.
  16. Deuteronômio 14:16More nocturnal birds of prey make the list: the little owl, the great owl, and the swan.
  17. Deuteronômio 14:17It continues with the pelican, the gier eagle, and the cormorant, birds tied to water or to carrion.
  18. Deuteronômio 14:18It closes the bird list with the stork, the heron, the lapwing, and the bat (classified together with the birds in this system).
  19. Deuteronômio 14:19It extends the prohibition to every flying insect or winged creeping thing, treated as unclean.
  20. Deuteronômio 14:20It repeats the general rule: every bird classified as clean is permitted for consumption.
  21. Deuteronômio 14:21The prohibition against cooking a kid in “his mother’s milk” is one of the most debated laws in the Bible: it may reject a Canaanite fertility rite, or simply be a rule against mixing life and death on the same plate. Scholars have not reached a consensus on the exact reason.
  22. Deuteronômio 14:22The tithe here isn’t donated, it’s eaten: the people brought a tenth of the harvest to the sanctuary and held a feast with it before God. If the journey was too far, they could sell everything, bring the money, and buy wine, cattle, and “strong drink” there for the same feast.
  23. Deuteronômio 14:23It details the consumption of the tithe: eaten before God, at the place He chose, as a way to learn to fear Him continually.
  24. Deuteronômio 14:24It provides for the exception of distance: if the journey to the sanctuary was too long, physically transporting the tithe would become impractical.
  25. Deuteronômio 14:25The solution in that case was to sell the produce, carry the money in hand, and travel to the place God had chosen.
  26. Deuteronômio 14:26Once there, the money could buy whatever was desired — meat, wine, drink — for a festive meal before God.
  27. Deuteronômio 14:27It again reinforces care for the Levite, who depended on these offerings since he had no land of his own.
  28. Deuteronômio 14:28Every three years, this tithe, instead of becoming a feast, was kept in the town itself to support the Levite, who had no land of his own, as well as the foreigner, the orphan, and the widow — the people with no economic safety net in that world.
  29. Deuteronômio 14:29Every three years, the tithe would be kept locally to support the Levite, the foreigner, the orphan, and the widow — bringing a blessing on the work of the one who gives.

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