Números 35

BLIVRE · Chapter 35/36

1E falou o SENHOR a Moisés nos campos de Moabe, junto ao Jordão de Jericó, dizendo:

2Manda aos filhos de Israel, que deem aos levitas da possessão de sua herança cidades em que habitem: Também dareis aos levitas campos de essas cidades ao redor delas.

3E terão eles as cidades para habitar, e os campos delas serão para seus animais, e para seus gados, e para todos seus animais.

4E os campos das cidades que dareis aos levitas, serão mil côvados ao redor, desde o muro da cidade para fora.

5Logo medireis fora da cidade à parte do oriente dois mil côvados, e à parte do sul dois mil côvados, e à parte do ocidente dois mil côvados, e à parte do norte dois mil côvados, e a cidade em meio: isto terão pelos campos das cidades.

6E das cidades que dareis aos levitas, seis cidades serão de refúgio, as quais dareis para que o homicida se acolha ali: e também destas dareis quarenta e duas cidades.

7Todas as cidades que dareis aos levitas serão quarenta e oito cidades; elas com seus campos.

8E as cidades que deres da herança dos filhos de Israel, do que muito tomareis muito, e do que pouco tomareis pouco: cada um dará de suas cidades aos levitas segundo a possessão que herdará.

9E falou o SENHOR a Moisés, dizendo:

10Fala aos filhos de Israel, e dize-lhes: Quando houverdes passado o Jordão à terra de Canaã,

11Assinalareis para vós cidades, tereis cidades de refúgio, para onde fuja o homicida que ferir a algum de morte por acidente.

12E vos serão aquelas cidades por refúgio do parente, e não morrerá o homicida até que esteja a juízo diante da congregação.

13Das cidades, pois, que dareis, tereis seis cidades de refúgio.

14Três cidades dareis desta parte do Jordão, e três cidades dareis na terra de Canaã; as quais serão cidades de refúgio.

15Estas seis cidades serão para refúgio aos filhos de Israel, e ao peregrino, e ao que morar entre eles, para que fuja ali qualquer um que ferir de morte a outro por acidente.

16E se com instrumento de ferro o ferir e morrer, homicida é; o homicida morrerá:

17E se com pedra da mão, de que podia morrer, o ferir, e morrer, homicida é; o homicida morrerá.

18E se com instrumento de madeira da mão, de que podia morrer, o ferir, e morrer, homicida é; o homicida morrerá.

19O parente do morto, ele matará ao homicida: quando o encontrar, ele lhe matará.

20E se por ódio o empurrou, ou lançou sobre ele alguma coisa por ciladas, e morre;

21Ou por inimizade o feriu com sua mão, e morreu: o feridor morrerá; é homicida; o parente do morto matará ao homicida, quando o encontrar.

22Mas se casualmente o empurrou sem inimizades, ou lançou sobre ele qualquer instrumento sem más intenções,

23Ou bem, sem vê-lo, fez cair sobre ele alguma pedra, de que possa morrer, e morrer, e ele não era seu inimigo, nem procurava seu mal;

24Então a congregação julgará entre o feridor e o parente do morto conforme estas leis:

25E a congregação livrará ao homicida da mão do parente do morto, e a congregação o fará voltar à seu cidade de refúgio, à qual se havia acolhido; e morará nela até que morra o sumo sacerdote, o qual foi ungido com o azeite santo.

26E se o homicida sair fora do termo de sua cidade de refúgio, à qual se refugiou,

27E o parente do morto lhe achar fora do termo da cidade de sua acolhida, e o parente do morto ao homicida matar, não se lhe culpará por isso:

28Pois em sua cidade de refúgio deverá aquele habitar até que morra o sumo sacerdote: e depois que morrer o sumo sacerdote, o homicida voltará à terra de sua possessão.

29E estas coisas vos serão por ordenança de regulamento por vossas gerações, em todas as vossas habitações.

30Qualquer um que ferir a alguém, por dito de testemunhas, morrerá o homicida: mas uma só testemunha não fará fé contra alguma pessoa para que morra.

31E não tomareis preço pela vida do homicida; porque está condenado a morte: mas inevitavelmente morrerá.

32Nem tampouco tomareis preço do que fugiu à sua cidade de refúgio, para que volte a viver em sua terra, até que morra o sacerdote.

33E não contaminareis a terra onde estiverdes: porque este sangue profanará a terra: e a terra não será expiada do sangue que foi derramado nela, a não ser pelo sangue do que a derramou.

34Não contamineis, pois, a terra onde habitais, em meio da qual eu habito; porque eu o SENHOR habito em meio dos filhos de Israel.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

God orders that the Levites receive 48 cities scattered throughout the territory of Israel, including six cities of refuge, where a person who killed someone accidentally could be protected from a relative's vengeance until being fairly judged.

Explanation

The cities of refuge represent one of the most advanced justice systems of the ancient world: at a time without centralized courts and where blood vengeance by relatives was common, these cities offered a safe space and a fair trial before any punishment, carefully distinguishing between willful (intentional) and unintentional (accidental) killing. The requirement for the accidental killer to remain in the city of refuge until the death of the high priest (not indefinitely, nor for a fixed period) creates an interesting system in which the length of the sentence was symbolically tied to the life of the nation's highest spiritual authority. The distribution of these cities throughout the territory, rather than in just one region, ensured that justice and protection were geographically accessible to all Israelites, not only to those living near a center of power.

Fun facts

  • The six cities of refuge (three on each side of the Jordan) formed a well-distributed network designed so that no one would need to travel excessively far to reach a safe refuge in an emergency — a remarkably practical piece of geographic planning for the time.
  • The principle that 'one witness shall not testify' to condemn someone to death (v. 30) is cited by Jesus and by Paul in the New Testament (Matthew 18:16; 2 Corinthians 13:1) as the basis for requiring multiple witnesses before any serious accusation within the community of faith.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Números 35:1Still at the final camp on the plains of Moab, the LORD speaks to Moses about a new matter: where the Levites would live within the promised land.
  2. Números 35:2Since the Levites did not receive a territory of their own, the command is for each tribe to give up some cities, with pastureland around them, for the Levites to live in.
  3. Números 35:3These cities would serve as homes for the Levites, while the pastureland around them would provide for their livestock and animals.
  4. Números 35:4The pastureland around each city was to extend a thousand cubits out from the wall, in every direction.
  5. Números 35:5The detailed measurement was two thousand cubits on each side — east, south, west, and north — with the city always at the center of that square of land.
  6. Números 35:6Among the cities given to the Levites, six are designated as cities of refuge, where someone who had killed another person unintentionally could take shelter. The idea was to give a safe place for someone who had caused an accidental death, protecting him from immediate revenge until the case could be judged.
  7. Números 35:7Adding the six cities of refuge to the other forty-two, the total number of cities given to the Levites came to forty-eight, all with their pastureland.
  8. Números 35:8The contribution of cities was to be proportional: tribes with more land would give up more cities, tribes with less land would give up fewer, each according to the size of its own inheritance.
  9. Números 35:9The LORD speaks once more to Moses, now about a specific system of legal protection within the promised land.
  10. Números 35:10The instruction applies to when the people would have crossed the Jordan and settled in Canaan.
  11. Números 35:11The command is to set apart specific cities of refuge, where someone who killed another person unintentionally could flee.
  12. Números 35:12These cities would protect the accused from the avenger of blood, usually a relative of the victim, until the case was formally judged before the congregation.
  13. Números 35:13Of the total cities given to the Levites, six specific ones would be reserved solely for this purpose of refuge.
  14. Números 35:14Three of these cities would lie on the east side of the Jordan, and the other three already within the land of Canaan.
  15. Números 35:15These six cities would protect both Israelites and foreigners living among them, covering anyone who caused an accidental death.
  16. Números 35:16The law draws a clear line between killing by accident and killing on purpose: using an iron object, a stone large enough to kill, or a piece of wood capable of causing death was already considered proof of intent. In these cases, the person was treated as a murderer and had no right to the refuge of the city.
  17. Números 35:17Likewise, killing someone with a stone capable of causing death was also treated as murder, carrying a guaranteed death penalty.
  18. Números 35:18The same applied to killing someone with a piece of wood used as a weapon: it counted as intentional murder.
  19. Números 35:19In these cases of proven murder, the avenger of blood himself had the right to kill the guilty party on finding him.
  20. Números 35:20The law also covered pushing someone out of hatred or throwing something at a person on purpose, resulting in death.
  21. Números 35:21Striking someone with one’s own hand out of hostility, causing death, also counted as murder, subject to the same penalty.
  22. Números 35:22But the law changes when the push happens suddenly, without prior hostility, or when something is thrown without intent to injure.
  23. Números 35:23The same applies to dropping a stone without seeing the person below, with no hostility or intent to cause harm.
  24. Números 35:24In these ambiguous cases, it fell to the congregation to judge between the accused and the avenger of blood, applying these rules carefully.
  25. Números 35:25Someone who had killed another person by accident was protected in the city of refuge, safe from the avenger of blood, usually a relative of the victim with the traditional right of revenge, until the death of the high priest then in office. After that, he could return home freely — a defined, if indirect, deadline for the end of that protection.
  26. Números 35:26But there was a clear limit to that protection: if the accused left the boundaries of the city of refuge where he was sheltered,
  27. Números 35:27and the avenger of blood found him outside those boundaries and killed him, that avenger would not be held guilty of that death.
  28. Números 35:28The rule is clear: the accused had to stay in the city of refuge until the death of the high priest; only after that could he return freely to his own land.
  29. Números 35:29These rules would apply permanently, generation after generation, wherever the people lived.
  30. Números 35:30To convict someone of murder, the testimony of more than one person was required; a single witness was not enough to put anyone to death.
  31. Números 35:31Unlike other cases in the law where money could settle a debt or guilt, here the text forbids any payment to free someone guilty of murder from the death penalty. It was a way of saying that a life taken on purpose could not simply be bought back.
  32. Números 35:32It was also not permitted to pay money to release early someone sheltered in a city of refuge, letting him avoid waiting until the death of the high priest.
  33. Números 35:33The underlying reasoning is that spilled blood pollutes the land, and that pollution could only be resolved by the death of the one who committed the crime, never by payment.
  34. Números 35:34The chapter closes by reinforcing that the people were not to defile the land where they lived, since the LORD Himself dwelt there among them.

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