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Levítico 23

ARC · Chapter 23/27

1Depois fallou o Senhor a Moysés, dizendo:

2Falla aos filhos de Israel, e dize-lhes: As solemnidades do Senhor, que convocareis, serão sanctas convocações: estas são as minhas solemnidades:

3Seis dias obra se fará, mas ao setimo dia será o sabbado do descanço, sancta convocação; nenhuma obra fareis; sabbado do Senhor é em todas as vossas habitações.

4Estas são as solemnidades do Senhor, as sanctas convocações, que convocareis ao seu tempo determinado;

5No mez primeiro, aos quatorze do mez, pela tarde, é a paschoa do Senhor.

6E aos quinze dias d'este mez é a festa dos asmos do Senhor: sete dias comereis asmos.

7No primeiro dia tereis sancta convocação: nenhuma obra servil fareis;

8Mas sete dias offerecereis offerta queimada ao Senhor: ao setimo dia haverá sancta convocação: nenhuma obra servil fareis.

9E fallou o Senhor a Moysés, dizendo:

10Falla aos filhos de Israel, e dize-lhes: Quando houverdes entrado na terra, que vos hei de dar, e segardes a sua sega, então trareis um mólho das primicias da vossa sega ao sacerdote:

11E elle moverá o mólho perante o Senhor, para que sejaes acceitos: ao seguinte dia do sabbado o moverá o sacerdote.

12E no dia em que moverdes o mólho, preparareís um cordeiro sem mancha, de um anno, em holocausto ao Senhor,

13E a sua offerta de manjares, duas dizimas de flor de farinha, amassada com azeite, para offerta queimada em cheiro suave ao Senhor, e a sua libação de vinho, o quarto de um hin.

14E não comereis pão, nem trigo tostado, nem espigas verdes, até áquelle mesmo dia em que trouxerdes a offerta do vosso Deus: estatuto perpetuo é por vossas gerações, em todas as vossas habitações.

15Depois para vós contareis desde o dia seguinte ao sabbado, desde o dia em que trouxerdes o mólho da offerta movida: sete semanas inteiras serão.

16Até ao dia seguinte, ao setimo sabbado, contareis cincoenta dias: então offerecereis nova offerta de manjares ao Senhor.

17Das vossas habitações trareis dois pães de movimento: de duas dizimas de farinha serão, levedados se cozerão: primicias são ao Senhor.

18Tambem com o pão offerecereis sete cordeiros sem mancha, de um anno, e um novilho, e dois carneiros; holocausto serão ao Senhor, com a sua offerta de manjares, e as suas libações, por offerta queimada de cheiro suave ao Senhor.

19Tambem offerecereis um bode para expiação do peccado, e dois cordeiros de um anno por sacrificio pacifico.

20Então o sacerdote os moverá com o pão das primicias por offerta movida perante o Senhor, com os dois cordeiros: sanctidade serão ao Senhor para o sacerdote.

21E n'aquelle mesmo dia apregoareis que tereis sancta convocação: nenhuma obra servil fareis: estatuto perpetuo é em todas as vossas habitações pelas vossas gerações.

22E, quando segardes a sega da vossa terra, não acabarás de segar os cantos do teu campo, nem colhereis as espigas caidas da tua sega; para o pobre e para o estrangeiro as deixarás: Eu sou o Senhor vosso Deus.

23E fallou o Senhor a Moysés, dizendo:

24Falla aos filhos de Israel, dizendo: No mez setimo, ao primeiro do mez, tereis descanço, memoria da jubilação, sancta convocação.

25Nenhuma obra servil fareis, mas offerecereis offerta queimada ao Senhor.

26Fallou mais o Senhor a Moysés, dizendo:

27Mas aos dez d'este mez setimo será o dia da expiação: tereis sancta convocação, e affligireis as vossas almas; e offerecereis offerta queimada ao Senhor.

28E n'aquelle mesmo dia nenhuma obra fareis, porque é o dia da expiação, para fazer expiação por vós perante o Senhor vosso Deus.

29Porque toda a alma, que n'aquelle mesmo dia se não affligir, será extirpada do seu povo.

30Tambem toda a alma, que n'aquelle mesmo dia fizer alguma obra, aquella alma eu destruirei do meio do seu povo.

31Nenhuma obra fareis: estatuto perpetuo é pelas vossas gerações em todas as vossas habitações.

32Sabbado de descanço vos será; então affligireis as vossas almas: aos nove do mez á tarde, d'uma tarde a outra tarde, celebrareis o vosso sabbado.

33E fallou o Senhor a Moysés, dizendo:

34Falla aos filhos de Israel, dizendo: Aos quinze dias d'este mez setimo será a festa dos tabernaculos ao Senhor por sete dias.

35Ao primeiro dia haverá sancta convocação: nenhuma obra servil fareis.

36Sete dias offerecereis offertas queimadas ao Senhor: ao dia oitavo tereis sancta convocação, e offerecereis offertas queimadas ao Senhor: dia de prohibição é, nenhuma obra servil fareis.

37Estas são as solemnidades do Senhor, que apregoareis para sanctas convocações, para offerecer ao Senhor offerta queimada, holocausto e offerta de manjares, sacrificio e libações, cada qual em seu dia proprio:

38Além dos sabbados do Senhor, e além dos vossos dons, e além de todos os vossos votos, e além de todas as vossas offertas voluntarias que dareis ao Senhor.

39Porém aos quinze dias do mez setimo, quando tiverdes recolhido a novidade da terra, celebrareis a festa do Senhor por sete dias; ao dia primeiro haverá descanço, e ao dia oitavo haverá descanço.

40E ao primeiro dia tomareis para vós ramos de formosas arvores, ramos de palmas, ramos de arvores espessas, e salgueiros de ribeiras; e vos alegrareis perante o Senhor vosso Deus por sete dias.

41E celebrareis esta festa ao Senhor por sete dias cada anno: estatuto perpetuo é pelas vossas gerações; no mez setimo a celebrareis.

42Sete dias habitareis debaixo de tendas: todos os naturaes em Israel habitarão em tendas:

43Para que saibam as vossas gerações que eu fiz habitar os filhos de Israel em tendas, quando os tirei da terra do Egypto; Eu sou o Senhor vosso Deus.

44Assim pronunciou Moysés as solemnidades do Senhor aos filhos de Israel.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

God establishes Israel's complete calendar of annual feasts: the weekly Sabbath, Passover and Unleavened Bread, Firstfruits, Pentecost (the Feast of Weeks), the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement, and the Feast of Tabernacles.

Explanation

This chapter organizes Israel's entire religious year around seven major celebrations, most tied to the agricultural cycle (harvests) and to the historical memory of the deliverance from Egypt. These feasts served a double purpose: keeping alive the memory of God's action in the people's history and creating regular rhythms of rest, gratitude, and collective spiritual reflection. The Feast of Tabernacles, living in temporary shelters for seven days, physically recalled the wilderness experience, so that future generations would never forget where they came from. Today, even without following the Jewish ritual calendar, the principle remains: setting aside regular times for rest, remembrance, and gratitude strengthens a community's faith.

Fun facts

  • Scholars note that the three great pilgrimage feasts (Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles) had prophetic fulfillment in the New Testament: Jesus died at Passover, the Holy Spirit came down at Pentecost (Acts 2), and some see the Feast of Tabernacles linked to the future hope of God's definitive presence with his people (Revelation 21:3, which uses the same Greek word for 'tabernacle').
  • The Feast of Trumpets, on the first day of the seventh month, is the origin of today's Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Levítico 23:1This opening formula introduces Israel’s official calendar of feasts — a chapter that organizes all the year’s sacred dates in one place.
  2. Levítico 23:2“Holy convocations” was the term used for these special days when the people gathered formally — unlike everyday worship, these were scheduled gatherings, with a fixed date on the calendar.
  3. Levítico 23:3Interestingly, the weekly sabbath opens the list of “solemnities,” even though it was not an annual feast — but unlike the feasts, which required travel to the sanctuary, the sabbath was kept at home, wherever the people lived.
  4. Levítico 23:4This verse makes the transition from the weekly sabbath, kept at home every week, to the calendar of annual feasts that fills the rest of the chapter.
  5. Levítico 23:5Passover appears here as part of the year’s fixed calendar of feasts. The same date that marked the exodus from Egypt, recounted in Exodus, becomes in this chapter a permanent yearly commitment, alongside the other feasts that follow.
  6. Levítico 23:6The day after Passover began the Feast of Unleavened Bread, seven full days eating bread without yeast — the two feasts, Passover and Unleavened Bread, practically formed one continuous celebration.
  7. Levítico 23:7The first day of this seven-day feast was marked as a holy convocation, with rest from ordinary work — the same pattern used to open several feasts on the calendar.
  8. Levítico 23:8During the seven days sacrifices were offered, and the last day also became a holy convocation with rest — the feast was framed by two special days, one at the start and one at the end.
  9. Levítico 23:9This opening formula introduces another celebration within the same chapter: the offering of the firstfruits of the harvest.
  10. Levítico 23:10The “sheaf” is the first bundle cut from the new harvest, brought to the priest before any family could eat from that year’s wheat. The idea is to dedicate the first part of the crop before using the rest, a gesture of acknowledging where the harvest came from.
  11. Levítico 23:11The priest waved the freshly cut sheaf of barley before the Lord — a gesture that officially marked the start of the harvest, before any new grain could be eaten by the people.
  12. Levítico 23:12On the same day the sheaf was waved, an unblemished lamb was offered as a burnt offering — the celebration of the harvest’s start always came with an animal sacrifice.
  13. Levítico 23:13Flour with oil and a wine drink offering rounded out that day’s offering — the standard combo of grain and wine that appears at several points in the feast calendar.
  14. Levítico 23:14Before bringing this offering, no one could eat bread, roasted grain, or fresh green ears from the new crop — the principle of giving the first part to God applied on a national scale, not just an individual one.
  15. Levítico 23:15From the day the first sheaf of the harvest was offered, the people counted seven full weeks, forty-nine days, until the next feast described in the following verse. This is the calculation that gave rise to the Feast of Weeks, later known as Pentecost, exactly fifty days later.
  16. Levítico 23:16Counting fifty days from the offering of the sheaf to the next feast is the origin of the name later used for this celebration — Pentecost, which in Greek means precisely “fiftieth.”
  17. Levítico 23:17The two loaves for this feast were, unlike most of the grain offerings in the book, made WITH yeast — a deliberate exception to the general rule seen in chapter 2.
  18. Levítico 23:18Along with the bread came a large package of sacrifices — seven lambs, a young bull, and two rams — showing that this feast of the wheat harvest was celebrated with abundance.
  19. Levítico 23:19A goat for the sin offering and two lambs for the peace offering rounded out this feast’s offerings, covering nearly every category of sacrifice seen in the book in a single day.
  20. Levítico 23:20The priest waved the bread together with the two lambs as a wave offering — a rare case where bread and meat were waved together in the same ritual gesture.
  21. Levítico 23:21This day also became a holy convocation, with no ordinary work — a permanent statute that would repeat in every generation to come.
  22. Levítico 23:22This is practically the same law from chapter 19 about leaving the edges of the field for the poor, only here it appears tucked right into the middle of the religious feast calendar. Its placement shows that caring for the landless was treated as part of the same package of religious duties, not as a separate matter.
  23. Levítico 23:23This opening formula introduces the block of autumn feasts that fills the rest of the chapter.
  24. Levítico 23:24This day of rest marked by the blowing of trumpets is the origin of what later became Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year. The text here does not use that name, it simply describes the day as a memorial of jubilation with a holy convocation.
  25. Levítico 23:25On the first day of the seventh month, with no ordinary work, a sacrifice was offered — the Feast of Trumpets, marked only by rest and an offering, with no other extra detail.
  26. Levítico 23:26This opening formula introduces the Day of Atonement within the feast calendar — the same elaborate ritual already described in rich detail back in chapter 16.
  27. Levítico 23:27Here the Day of Atonement gets its fixed place on the annual calendar: ten days after the Feast of Trumpets, with required fasting and a burnt offering.
  28. Levítico 23:28No work on that day, because it was precisely the day set aside to make atonement for the whole people before God — the rest and the ritual from chapter 16 went together.
  29. Levítico 23:29Whoever did not fast (“afflict the soul”) on that specific day faced the penalty of being cut off from the people — the only fast explicitly required anywhere in the law.
  30. Levítico 23:30Whoever worked on that day would be destroyed by God Himself, according to the text — even more direct and personal language than the usual “shall be cut off” used in other rules.
  31. Levítico 23:31No work at all, a permanent statute for every generation — the Day of Atonement received the same level of seriousness repeated three times in a row in this stretch of the chapter.
  32. Levítico 23:32The text clarifies how the day was counted: from evening to evening, from the ninth day to the tenth — showing that days on the calendar were counted from one evening to the next, not from midnight to midnight.
  33. Levítico 23:33This opening formula introduces the calendar’s last feast: the Feast of Tabernacles, closing out the chapter’s list of celebrations.
  34. Levítico 23:34This is the Feast of Tabernacles, when the family spent seven days living in temporary shelters built from branches. The reason appears later in the chapter: to remember how the people lived in tents in the wilderness, after leaving Egypt.
  35. Levítico 23:35The first day of this seven-day feast was a holy convocation, with rest from ordinary work — the same opening pattern used for the calendar’s other feasts.
  36. Levítico 23:36After the seven days of offerings, an extra eighth day also became a holy convocation — an additional solemn closing, separate from the main seven-day feast.
  37. Levítico 23:37This verse sums everything up: these are the Lord’s feasts, each with its set day, its burnt offerings, grain offerings, sacrifices, and specific drink offerings.
  38. Levítico 23:38The text makes clear that these feasts were on top of the weekly sabbaths, the gifts, the vows, and the freewill offerings — one thing did not replace the other, everything added up together.
  39. Levítico 23:39The Feast of Tabernacles was directly tied to the year’s harvest: once the land’s produce had all been gathered in, the people celebrated with rest on the first and eighth days.
  40. Levítico 23:40The four kinds of branches named here are goodly trees, palm trees, thick trees, and willows. They became the basis for what Jewish tradition later called the four species, held together during the Feast of Tabernacles.
  41. Levítico 23:41This feast was to repeat every year, always in the seventh month, as a permanent statute — the same insistence on continuity seen in the calendar’s other feasts.
  42. Levítico 23:42For seven days, every Israelite born into the people had to live in temporary shelters — a physical, collective gesture, not just a holiday of rest.
  43. Levítico 23:43The reason appears here: living in shelters reminded future generations that the people had lived in tents in the wilderness, after leaving Egypt — the feast was a physical, repeated memorial of that experience.
  44. Levítico 23:44The chapter closes with Moses formally announcing this entire feast calendar to the people of Israel — the end of one of the book’s most organized blocks.

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