Juízes 11

ARC · Chapter 11/21

1Era então Jefthe, o gileadita, valente e valoroso, porém filho d'uma prostituta: mas Gilead gerara a Jefthe.

2Tambem a mulher de Gilead lhe pariu filhos, e, sendo os filhos d'esta mulher já grandes, expelliram a Jefthe, e lhe disseram: Não herdarás em casa de nosso pae, porque és filho d'outra mulher.

3Então Jefthe fugiu de diante de seus irmãos, e habitou na terra de Tob: e homens levianos se ajuntaram com Jefthe, e sahiam com elle.

4E aconteceu que, depois d'alguns dias, os filhos d'Ammon pelejaram contra Israel.

5Aconteceu pois que, como os filhos d'Ammon pelejassem contra Israel, foram os anciãos de Gilead buscar a Jefthe da terra de Tob.

6E disseram a Jefthe: Vem, e sê-nos por Cabeça: para que combatamos contra os filhos d'Ammon.

7Porém Jefthe disse aos anciãos de Gilead: Porventura não me aborrecestes a mim, e não me expellistes da casa de meu pae? porque pois agora viestes a mim, quando estaes em aperto?

8E disseram os anciãos de Gilead a Jefthe: Por isso tornamos a ti, para que venhas comnosco, e combatas contra os filhos d'Ammon: e nos sejas por Cabeça sobre todos os moradores de Gilead.

9Então Jefthe disse aos anciãos de Gilead: Se me tornardes a levar para combater contra os filhos d'Ammon, e o Senhor m'os dér diante de mim, então eu vos serei por Cabeça?

10E disseram os anciãos de Gilead a Jefthe: O Senhor será testemunha entre nós, e assim o faremos conforme á tua palavra.

11Assim Jefthe foi-se com os anciãos de Gilead, e o povo o poz por Cabeça e principe sobre si: e Jefthe fallou todas as suas palavras perante o Senhor em Mispah.

12E enviou Jefthe mensageiros ao rei dos filhos d'Ammon, dizendo: Que ha entre mim e ti, que vieste a mim a pelejar contra a minha terra?

13E disse o rei dos filhos de Ammon aos mensageiros de Jefthe: Porquanto, saindo Israel do Egypto, tomou a minha terra, desde Arnon até Jabbok, e ainda até ao Jordão: torna-m'a pois agora em paz.

14Porém Jefthe proseguiu ainda em enviar mensageiros ao rei dos filhos d'Ammon,

15Dizendo-lhe: Assim diz Jefthe: Israel não tomou, nem a terra dos moabitas nem a terra dos filhos d'Ammon;

16Porque, subindo Israel do Egypto, andou pelo deserto até ao Mar Vermelho, e chegou até Cades.

17E Israel enviou mensageiros ao rei dos edomitas, dizendo: Rogo-te que me deixes passar pela tua terra. Porém o rei dos edomitas não lhe deu ouvidos; enviou tambem ao rei dos moabitas, o qual tambem não quiz: e assim Israel ficou em Cades.

18Depois andou pelo deserto, e rodeou a terra dos edomitas e a terra dos moabitas, e veiu do nascente do sol á terra dos moabitas, e alojaram-se d'além d'Arnon; porém não entraram nos limites dos moabitas, porque Arnon é limite dos moabitas.

19Mas Israel enviou mensageiros a Sehon, rei dos amorrheos, rei de Hesbon: e disse-lhe Israel: Deixa-nos, peço-te, passar pela tua terra até ao meu logar.

20Porém Sehon não se fiou d'Israel para este passar nos seus limites; antes Sehon ajuntou todo o seu povo, e se acamparam em Jasa, e combateu contra Israel.

21E o Senhor Deus d'Israel deu a Sehon com todo o seu povo na mão d'Israel, e os feriram: e Israel tomou por herança toda a terra dos amorrheos que habitavam n'aquella terra.

22E por herança tomaram todos os limites dos anciãos, desde Arnon até Jabbok, e desde o deserto até ao Jordão.

23Assim o Senhor Deus d'Israel desapossou os amorrheos de diante do seu povo d'Israel: e os possuirias tu?

24Não possuirias tu aquelle que Camos, teu deus, desapossasse de diante de ti? assim possuiremos nós todos quantos o Senhor nosso Deus desapossar de diante de nós.

25Agora pois és tu ainda melhor do que Balac, filho de Zippor, rei dos moabitas? porventura contendeu elle em algum tempo com Israel, ou pelejou alguma vez contra elles?

26Emquanto Israel habitou trezentos annos em Hesbon e nas suas villas, e em Aroer e nas suas villas, em todas as cidades que estão ao longo d'Arnon, porque o não recuperastes n'aquelle tempo?

27Tão pouco pequei eu contra ti! porém tu usas mal comigo em pelejar contra mim: o Senhor, que é juiz, julgue hoje entre os filhos d'Israel e entre os filhos de Ammon.

28Porém o rei dos filhos d'Ammon não deu ouvidos ás palavras de Jefthe, que lhe enviou.

29Então o espirito do Senhor veiu sobre Jefthe, e atravessou elle por Gilead e Manasseh: porque passou até Mispah de Gilead, e de Mispah de Gilead passou até aos filhos d'Ammon.

30E Jefthe votou um voto ao Senhor, e disse: Se totalmente deres os filhos d'Ammon na minha mão,

31Aquillo que, saindo da porta de minha casa, me sair ao encontro, voltando eu dos filhos d'Ammon em paz, isso será do Senhor, e o offerecerei em holocausto.

32Assim Jefthe passou aos filhos d'Ammon, a combater contra elles: e o Senhor os deu na sua mão.

33E os feriu com grande mortandade, desde Aroer até chegar a Minnith, vinte cidades, e até Abel-keramim; assim foram subjugados os filhos d'Ammon diante dos filhos d'Israel.

34Vindo pois Jefthe a Mispah, á sua casa, eis que a sua filha lhe saiu ao encontro com adufes e com danças: e era ella só a unica; não tinha outro filho nem filha.

35E aconteceu que, quando a viu, rasgou os seus vestidos, e disse: Ah! filha minha, muito me abateste, e és d'entre os que me turbam! porque eu abri a minha bocca ao Senhor, e não tornarei atraz.

36E ella lhe disse: Pae meu, abriste tu a tua bocca ao Senhor, faze de mim como saiu da tua bocca: pois o Senhor te vingou dos teus inimigos, os filhos d'Ammon.

37Disse mais a seu pae: Faça-se-me isto: deixa-me por dois mezes que vá, e desça pelos montes, e chore a minha virgindade, eu e as minhas companheiras.

38E disse elle: Vae. E deixou-a ir por dois mezes: então foi-se ella com as suas companheiras, e chorou a sua virgindade pelos montes.

39E succedeu que, ao fim de dois mezes, tornou ella para seu pae, o qual cumpriu n'ella o seu voto que tinha votado: e ella não conheceu varão; e d'aqui veiu o costume d'Israel,

40Que as filhas d'Israel iam de anno em anno a lamentar a filha de Jefthe, o gileadita, por quatro dias no anno.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Jephthah, a son rejected for having a different mother, is called to lead against the Ammonites. He makes a rash vow that results in the tragic loss of his only daughter.

Explanation

Jephthah, driven from home by his half-brothers for being the son of a prostitute, becomes the leader of a band of outcasts before being called back by the very elders of Gilead in a time of need — a turnaround that shows how God can use people cast aside by society. Before the battle, he makes a rash vow to offer as a burnt offering whatever first comes out of his house when he returns victorious, never imagining it would be his own daughter. This painful episode has been debated by scholars for centuries — whether she was actually sacrificed or dedicated to perpetual virginity — but the text clearly presents the impulsive vow as a serious mistake on Jephthah's part, a timeless warning against making rash promises to God without considering the consequences.

Fun facts

  • The yearly custom of the daughters of Israel 'lamenting the daughter of Jephthah' for four days (v.40) suggests that the memory of this tragic episode became part of the people's cultural calendar for generations.
  • Jephthah's diplomatic speech to the king of Ammon (v.12-27), citing detailed territorial history from three hundred years earlier, is one of the most elaborate legal arguments in the entire Old Testament.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Juízes 11:1Jephthah is introduced right away as the son of a prostitute, the very reason his brothers later use to drive him out of the house and deny him his inheritance. A man rejected by his own family becomes, out of necessity, the leader Gilead needs in a time of war.
  2. Juízes 11:2Gilead’s wife also has sons, and when they grow up, they drive Jephthah out of the house, telling him he will inherit nothing, since he is the son of another woman.
  3. Juízes 11:3Jephthah flees from his own brothers and goes to live in the land of Tob, where a group of idle men gather around him and start following him.
  4. Juízes 11:4Some time later, the Ammonites go to war against Israel, and the old threat becomes real again.
  5. Juízes 11:5Faced with this war, the leaders of Gilead go to the land of Tob to fetch the very man they had driven out before.
  6. Juízes 11:6They ask Jephthah to be their leader in the fight against the Ammonites, now needing the very person they had once rejected.
  7. Juízes 11:7Jephthah answers with all his pent-up hurt: he asks why they are coming to him now, of all times, in their distress, after having hated him and driven him from his father’s house.
  8. Juízes 11:8The leaders insist, explaining that this is exactly why they have come back: they want him to fight with them and become head over all the people of Gilead.
  9. Juízes 11:9Jephthah proposes a deal: if he fights and the Lord gives him victory over the Ammonites, then he is to become their head in fact.
  10. Juízes 11:10The elders of Gilead agree, saying that the Lord Himself will be witness to the agreement between them.
  11. Juízes 11:11Jephthah accepts, the people make him head and captain over them, and he formally repeats before the Lord, at Mizpeh, everything that had been agreed.
  12. Juízes 11:12Jephthah sends messengers to the king of the Ammonites, asking why he is attacking the land of Israel.
  13. Juízes 11:13The Ammonite king answers that Israel took his land when it came up out of Egypt, from the Arnon to the Jabbok and the Jordan, and demands that land back peaceably.
  14. Juízes 11:14Jephthah is not satisfied with this answer and sends fresh messengers to the Ammonite king.
  15. Juízes 11:15Jephthah disputes the charge, insisting that Israel never took land from either Moab or the Ammonites.
  16. Juízes 11:16He explains the real route: when it came up out of Egypt, Israel walked through the wilderness to the Red Sea and came to Kadesh, without invading anyone else’s territory.
  17. Juízes 11:17Israel had asked for peaceful passage through the land of Edom and then through Moab, but both kings refused, so the people stayed put at Kadesh.
  18. Juízes 11:18After that, Israel went around the lands of Edom and Moab through the wilderness and camped on the other side of the Arnon, without actually entering Moabite territory, since the Arnon marked the border.
  19. Juízes 11:19Israel then asked passage from Sihon, the Amorite king of Heshbon, for the same reason as before.
  20. Juízes 11:20Sihon did not trust Israel; he gathered his people, camped at Jahaz, and attacked the Israelites instead of letting them pass through.
  21. Juízes 11:21The Lord delivered Sihon and all his people into Israel’s hand, and so the people took possession of all that Amorite land by right of conquest, not by invasion against the Ammonites.
  22. Juízes 11:22Jephthah spells out the borders of this conquered land, from the Arnon to the Jabbok, and from the wilderness to the Jordan.
  23. Juízes 11:23Jephthah concludes that it was the Lord who drove out the Amorites before Israel, so it makes no sense for the Ammonite king to lay claim to this land now.
  24. Juízes 11:24He turns the Ammonite king’s own logic against him: just as he would keep whatever his god Chemosh gave him, Israel keeps whatever the Lord has given it.
  25. Juízes 11:25Jephthah asks whether the Ammonite king thinks himself better than Balak, king of Moab, who never dared quarrel or fight against Israel over this same land.
  26. Juízes 11:26Jephthah points out that Israel has already lived three hundred years in Heshbon and its surrounding towns, and asks why the Ammonites never claimed this land before, if it really belonged to them.
  27. Juízes 11:27Jephthah declares that he has not sinned against the Ammonite king and hands the judgment over to the Lord Himself, asking Him to decide between Israel and Ammon.
  28. Juízes 11:28Despite all this argument, the Ammonite king pays no attention to Jephthah’s words, and war becomes unavoidable.
  29. Juízes 11:29The Spirit of the Lord comes upon Jephthah, and he passes through Gilead and Manasseh, crosses Mizpeh of Gilead, and moves on toward the Ammonites for battle.
  30. Juízes 11:30Before fighting, Jephthah makes a vow to the Lord: if He will give him victory over the Ammonites.
  31. Juízes 11:31Jephthah’s vow promises to offer up as a burnt offering whatever first comes out of his house to meet him when he returns victorious, probably expecting an animal, since it was common to keep livestock near the house. The text does not say whether he foresaw that it would be his own daughter.
  32. Juízes 11:32Jephthah advances against the Ammonites to fight, and the Lord delivers them into his hand.
  33. Juízes 11:33Jephthah inflicts a crushing defeat on the Ammonites, taking twenty cities from Aroer to Minnith, as far as the plain of the vineyards, completely subduing the enemy.
  34. Juízes 11:34Coming home to Mizpeh, Jephthah is met by his own daughter, who comes out dancing and playing a timbrel; she was his only child, with no brothers or sisters.
  35. Juízes 11:35When he sees his daughter coming out to meet him, Jephthah tears his clothes and says he cannot take back the word he gave the Lord. The account neither praises nor condemns this decision outright; it simply describes the anguish of a father bound by his own vow.
  36. Juízes 11:36His daughter answers her father’s anguish by telling him he must do to her exactly what he promised the Lord, since it was the Lord who gave him victory over the Ammonites.
  37. Juízes 11:37She asks only for a two-month period to go away into the mountains with her friends and weep over never having married.
  38. Juízes 11:38Jephthah agrees, and she goes with her friends to spend those two months weeping in the mountains.
  39. Juízes 11:39The text says that Jephthah did to her according to the vow he had made, without spelling out exactly what that act was. For this reason scholars have long disagreed over whether to read it as a literal human sacrifice or as the daughter being consecrated to a lifetime of perpetual virginity in service to the sanctuary.
  40. Juízes 11:40Because of this story, a custom arises in Israel: every year the young women go out for four days to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite.

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