Ezequiel 18

ARC · Chapter 18/48

1E veiu a mim a palavra do Senhor, dizendo:

2Que tendes vós, vós que dizeis esta parabola da terra de Israel, dizendo: Os paes comeram uvas verdes, e os dentes dos filhos se embotaram?

3Vivo eu, diz o Senhor Jehovah, que nunca mais direis esta parabola em Israel.

4Eis que todas as almas são minhas; como o é a alma do pae, assim tambem a alma do filho é minha: a alma que peccar, essa morrerá.

5Sendo pois o homem justo, e fazendo juizo e justiça,

6Se não comer sobre os montes, nem levantar os seus olhos para os idolos da casa de Israel, nem contaminar a mulher do seu proximo, nem se chegar á mulher na sua separação,

7E se não opprimir a ninguem, tornando ao devedor o seu penhor, e se não fizer roubo, se der o seu pão ao faminto, e cobrir ao nú com vestido,

8Se não der o seu dinheiro á usura, e não receber demais, se desviar a sua mão da injustiça, e fizer verdadeiro juizo entre homem e homem,

9Se andar nos meus estatutos, e guardar os meus juizos, para obrar segundo a verdade, o tal justo certamente viverá, diz o Senhor Jehovah.

10E se elle gerar um filho ladrão, derramador de sangue, que fizer a seu irmão qualquer d'estas coisas;

11E que não fizer todas as demais coisas, mas antes comer sobre os montes, e contaminar a mulher de seu proximo,

12Opprimir ao afflicto e necessitado, fizer roubos, não tornar o penhor, e levantar os seus olhos para os idolos, e fizer abominação,

13Der o seu dinheiro á usura, e receber demais, porventura viverá? Não viverá: todas estas abominações elle fez, certamente morrerá; o seu sangue será sobre elle.

14E eis que, se tambem elle gerar filho que vir todos os peccados que seu pae fez, e, vendo-os, não commetter coisas similhantes,

15Não comer sobre os montes, e não levantar os seus olhos para os idolos da casa de Israel, e não contaminar a mulher de seu proximo,

16E não opprimir a ninguem, e não retiver o penhor, e não fizer roubo, der o seu pão ao faminto, e cobrir ao nú com vestido,

17Desviar do afflicto a sua mão, não receber usura em demasia, fizer os meus juizos, e andar nos meus estatutos, o tal não morrerá pela maldade de seu pae; certamente viverá.

18Seu pae, porquanto fez oppressão, roubou os bens do irmão, e fez o que não era bom no meio de seu povo, eis que elle morrerá pela sua maldade.

19Porém dizeis: Porque não levará o filho a maldade do pae? Porque o filho fez juizo e justiça, e guardou todos os meus estatutos, e os praticou, por isso certamente viverá.

20A alma que peccar, essa morrerá: o filho não levará a maldade do pae, nem o pae levará a maldade do filho: a justiça do justo será sobre elle, e a impiedade do impio será sobre elle.

21Mas se o impio se converter de todos os seus peccados que commetteu, e guardar todos os meus estatutos, e fizer juizo e justiça, certamente viverá; não morrerá.

22De todas as suas transgressões que commetteu não haverá lembrança contra elle: pela sua justiça que praticou viverá.

23Porventura de qualquer maneira desejaria eu a morte do impio? diz o Senhor Jehovah; porventura não desejo que se converta dos seus caminhos e viva?

24Mas, desviando-se o justo da sua justiça, e commettendo a iniquidade, fazendo conforme todas as abominações que faz o impio, porventura viveria? de todas as suas justiças que tiver feito não se fará memoria: na sua transgressão com que transgrediu, e no seu peccado com que peccou, n'elles morrerá.

25Dizeis, porém: O caminho do Senhor não é direito. Ouvi agora, ó casa d'Israel: Porventura não são os vossos caminhos indirectos?

26Desviando-se o justo da sua justiça, e commettendo iniquidade, morrerá por ella: na sua iniquidade que commetteu morrerá.

27Porém, convertendo-se o impio da sua impiedade que commetteu, e praticando o juizo e a justiça, conservará este a sua alma em vida.

28Porquanto considera, e se converte de todas as suas transgressões que commetteu; certamente viverá, não morrerá.

29Comtudo, diz a casa d'Israel: O caminho do Senhor não é direito. Porventura os meus caminhos não serão direitos, ó casa de Israel? porventura não são os vossos caminhos indirectos?

30Portanto, eu vos julgarei, cada um conforme os seus caminhos, ó casa d'Israel, diz o Senhor Jehovah: tornae-vos, e convertei-vos de todas as vossas transgressões, e a iniquidade não vos servirá de tropeço.

31Lançae de vós todas as vossas transgressões com que transgredistes, e fazei-vos um coração novo e um espirito novo; pois por que razão morrerieis, ó casa d'Israel?

32Porque não tomo prazer na morte do que morre, diz o Senhor Jehovah: convertei-vos, pois, e vivei.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

God rejects the popular saying that children suffer for their parents' sins ('the fathers have eaten sour grapes...'), affirming that each person is responsible for their own actions, and that genuine repentance always brings life.

Explanation

The people used this saying to justify their suffering as inherited guilt rather than personal responsibility — a form of spiritual fatalism. Ezekiel presents three generations (a righteous man, an unrighteous son, a righteous grandson) to prove that each individual is judged by their own choices, not by family history. The repeated phrase 'I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth... turn yourselves, and live' (v.23,32) reveals the heart of God: judgment is not vengeance, it is the avoidable result of wrong decisions. This is one of the clearest declarations in the Bible about God's love behind even His most severe warnings.

Fun facts

  • The same saying about 'sour grapes and teeth set on edge' is quoted almost word for word by Jeremiah 31:29-30, showing it was a common popular expression during the time of the exile.
  • This chapter is one of the most frequently cited biblical texts in theological discussions about individual responsibility versus collective guilt, influencing Jewish and Christian thinkers throughout the centuries.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Ezequiel 18:1Opening formula for one of the book’s most important chapters, on personal responsibility before God.
  2. Ezequiel 18:2The proverb “The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge” summed up the idea that one generation’s suffering was the previous generation’s fault — the whole chapter exists to reject that collective excuse and affirm each person’s responsibility for their own actions.
  3. Ezequiel 18:3God decides to put an end, once and for all, to the use of this proverb that blamed the parents for the children’s suffering — the rest of the chapter explains why.
  4. Ezequiel 18:4The chapter’s central principle: every person belongs directly to God and answers for themselves — guilt does not pass automatically between generations.
  5. Ezequiel 18:5A detailed list of practical examples begins, used to illustrate the principle of individual responsibility.
  6. Ezequiel 18:6The first examples mix avoiding idolatry and respecting family relationships — two kinds of faithfulness treated as equally important.
  7. Ezequiel 18:7The list moves to concrete social issues: not exploiting anyone financially, and caring for those who need food and clothing.
  8. Ezequiel 18:8More practical examples of righteousness: not charging abusive interest, and judging disputes between people honestly.
  9. Ezequiel 18:9The summary of the list: whoever lives this way is called righteous and receives the promise of life — the standard is actual behavior, not family background.
  10. Ezequiel 18:10The chapter moves to a second hypothetical case: the son of a righteous man who chooses a path completely opposite to his father’s.
  11. Ezequiel 18:11The list of bad behaviors mirrors exactly the list of the father’s good behaviors — the contrast is intentional, verse by verse.
  12. Ezequiel 18:12The son reproduces the same kinds of social injustice and idolatry his father carefully avoided.
  13. Ezequiel 18:13The conclusion for this son is harsh: despite having a righteous father, he alone answers for his own wrong choices.
  14. Ezequiel 18:14A third case: now it is the grandson, who watches his father’s bad behavior and consciously chooses not to repeat the same path.
  15. Ezequiel 18:15The list of the grandson’s good choices repeats almost word for word the list of the righteous grandfather, showing that the right path remains available regardless of what the father did.
  16. Ezequiel 18:16The mirroring continues: the grandson chooses to care for those in need, just like the grandfather, breaking the bad pattern his father had set.
  17. Ezequiel 18:17The conclusion confirms the chapter’s central principle: this grandson lives by his own choices, without carrying his father’s guilt.
  18. Ezequiel 18:18The father who sinned still answers only for himself — neither the bad son nor the good grandson changes the outcome that belongs to him individually.
  19. Ezequiel 18:19The text anticipates the people’s objection — why doesn’t the son pay for the father’s guilt? — and answers by repeating the principle: whoever does what is right lives, regardless of the previous generation.
  20. Ezequiel 18:20“The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father” is the chapter’s most direct sentence: each person answers for what they do, not for the family’s track record — a contrast the first hearers would have noticed against other passages in the law that speak of consequences passing from generation to generation.
  21. Ezequiel 18:21The chapter opens up the possibility of change: even someone with a bad track record can turn and live, as long as they truly change course.
  22. Ezequiel 18:22A remarkable promise: a past of wrongdoing is never held forever against someone who truly repents — what counts is real change.
  23. Ezequiel 18:23Repeating that God “has no pleasure in the death of him that dieth” (here and again in verse 32) makes clear that all the warnings and judgments throughout the book have a stated goal: to make the people turn and live, not simply to punish them.
  24. Ezequiel 18:24The principle works both ways: it is also possible for a righteous person to abandon that path and come to answer for more recent wrong choices.
  25. Ezequiel 18:25God directly rebuts the accusation that the system is unfair, turning the question back: is it not the people’s own ways that are out of line?
  26. Ezequiel 18:26The principle is repeated for emphasis: a turn for the worse carries a proportional consequence, with no exception for past good behavior.
  27. Ezequiel 18:27And the positive side is repeated too: turning for the better, even after much wrongdoing, still saves the person.
  28. Ezequiel 18:28The key to the turnaround is described as an act of conscious reflection — “considering” one’s own way before deciding to change.
  29. Ezequiel 18:29The same objection from the people is repeated, and God turns the same question back — the chapter presses the point until no doubt remains.
  30. Ezequiel 18:30After all the argument, comes the practical invitation: since each person answers for themselves, the way out is to repent before it is too late.
  31. Ezequiel 18:31The request for a “new heart” here anticipates the fuller promise that will appear in chapter 36 — the change begins from within.
  32. Ezequiel 18:32The chapter ends as it had already ended before, in verse 23: the whole point of all this was never punishment for its own sake, but the people choosing to live.

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