Ester 1

ARC · Chapter 1/10

1E succedeu nos dias de Assuero (este é aquelle Assuero que reinou desde a India até Ethiopia, sobre cento e vinte e sete provincias):

2N'aquelles dias, assentando-se o rei Assuero sobre o throno do seu reino, que está na fortaleza de Susan,

3No terceiro anno do seu reinado, fez um convite a todos os seus principes e seus servos (o poder da Persia e Media e os maiores senhores das provincias estavam perante elle),

4Para mostrar as riquezas da gloria do seu reino, e o esplendor da sua excellente grandeza, por muitos dias, a saber: cento e oitenta dias.

5E, acabados aquelles dias, fez o rei um convite a todo o povo que se achou na fortaleza de Susan, desde o maior até ao menor, por sete dias, no pateo do jardim do palacio real.

6As tapeçarias eram de branco, verde, e azul celeste, pendentes de cordões de linho fino e purpura, e argolas de prata, e columnas de marmore: os leitos d'oiro e de prata, sobre um pavimento de porphyro, e de marmore, e d'alabastro, e de pedras preciosas.

7E dava-se de beber em vasos d'oiro, e os vasos eram differentes uns dos outros; e havia muito vinho real, segundo o estado do rei.

8E o beber era por lei, que ninguem forçasse a outro: porque assim o tinha ordenado o rei expressamente a todos os grandes da sua casa, que fizessem conforme á vontade de cada um.

9Tambem a rainha Vasthi fez um convite ás mulheres, na casa real, que tinha o rei Assuero.

10E ao setimo dia, estando já o coração do rei alegre do vinho, mandou a Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, e Abagtha, Zethar, e a Carchas, os sete eunuchos que serviam na presença do rei Assuero,

11Que introduzissem na presença do rei a rainha Vasthi, com a corôa real, para mostrar aos povos e aos principes a sua formosura, porque era formosa á vista.

12Porém a rainha Vasthi recusou vir conforme á palavra do rei, pela mão dos eunuchos; pelo que o rei muito se enfureceu, e ardeu n'elle a sua ira.

13Então disse o rei aos sabios que entendiam dos tempos (porque assim se tratavam os negocios do rei na presença de todos os que sabiam a lei e o direito;

14E os mais chegados a elle eram: Carsena, Sethar, Admatha, Tarsis, Meres, Marsena, Memuchan, os sete principes dos persas e dos medos, que viam a face do rei, e se assentavam os primeiros no reino)

15Que, segundo a lei, se devia fazer da rainha Vasthi, por não haver feito o mandado do rei Assuero, pela mão dos eunuchos?

16Então disse Memuchan na presença do rei e dos principes: Não sómente peccou contra o rei a rainha Vasthi, porém tambem contra todos os principes, e contra todos os povos que ha em todas as provincias do rei Assuero.

17Porque a noticia d'este feito da rainha sairá a todas as mulheres, de modo que desprezarão a seus maridos aos seus olhos quando se disser: Mandou o rei Assuero que introduzissem á sua presença a rainha Vasthi, porém ella não veiu.

18E n'este mesmo dia as princezas da Persia e da Media dirão o mesmo a todos os principes do rei, ouvindo o feito da rainha: e assim haverá assaz desprezo e indignação.

19Se bem parecer ao rei, saia da sua parte um edicto real, e escreva-se nas leis dos persas e dos medos, e não se quebrante, a saber: que Vasthi não entre mais na presença do rei Assuero, e o rei dê o reino d'ella á sua companheira que seja melhor do que ella

20E, ouvindo-se o mandado, que o rei mandar em todo o seu reino (ainda que é grande), todas as mulheres darão honra a seus maridos, desde a maior até á menor.

21E pareceram bem estas palavras aos olhos do rei e dos principes: e fez o rei conforme á palavra de Memuchan.

22Então enviou cartas a todas as provincias do rei, a cada provincia segundo a sua escriptura, e a cada povo segundo a sua lingua: que cada homem fosse senhor em sua casa, e que se publicasse conforme á lingua do seu povo.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

The Persian king Ahasuerus hosts a lavish banquet and orders Queen Vashti to appear before everyone to display her beauty. She refuses, and the king, advised by his princes, removes her as queen.

Explanation

The book opens by showing the power and excess of the Persian empire, with a 180-day banquet displaying its riches. Vashti's refusal—likely because she did not want to be put on display like an object before drunken men—results in disproportionate consequences, driven more by the king's wounded pride and his advisors' fear that other women would follow her example of disobedience. It's worth noting that God is not mentioned even once in this chapter, nor anywhere in the entire book of Esther—something unique in the Bible—which already hints at a central theme of the story: God works behind the scenes, even when he seems absent from human decisions.

Fun facts

  • Esther is the only book of the Old Testament that never mentions God's name directly, something that sparked debate among Jewish scholars over whether to include it in the biblical canon, even though its message of divine providence is implicit throughout the story.
  • King Ahasuerus is generally identified by historians as Xerxes I, who ruled the Persian empire between 486 and 465 BC and is also known for his wars against Greece.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Ester 1:1Ahasuerus is identified with the Persian king Xerxes I, whose empire stretched from India even unto Ethiopia, covering a hundred and twenty-seven provinces, one of the largest ever seen up to that time.
  2. Ester 1:2The scene takes place in Shushan, one of the Persian capitals, the same city where decades later Nehemiah would serve as the king’s cupbearer.
  3. Ester 1:3In the third year of his reign, Ahasuerus gathers all the military and political leaders of the empire for a great celebration, probably to plan the military campaign against Greece recorded around this same period.
  4. Ester 1:4King Ahasuerus holds a banquet of a hundred and eighty days just to display the riches of his kingdom to his princes and servants, an extravagance that sets the tone for the Persian court: everything there is done on a gigantic scale, meant to impress. This setting of luxury and power concentrated in a single man is the backdrop for the whole story of Esther.
  5. Ester 1:5After the hundred and eighty days for the elite, the king holds a second feast of seven days, this time open to all the people of the capital, not only the nobles.
  6. Ester 1:6The detailed description of the decorations — fine fabrics, marble pillars, gold and silver furnishings — visually shows the exaggerated luxury of the Persian court even before the story itself begins.
  7. Ester 1:7Each guest drank from a different golden vessel, a detail that reinforces the deliberate extravagance of the celebration.
  8. Ester 1:8Unlike the common custom of forcing guests to drink cup for cup with the host, the king decrees that each man should drink as much as he pleased.
  9. Ester 1:9While the king feasts with the men, Queen Vashti holds her own separate feast for the women of the court, a detail that helps explain the scene of the king’s request that follows.
  10. Ester 1:10On the last day of the feast, already quite drunk, the king sends seven trusted chamberlains to fetch the queen; the wine seems to have directly influenced this decision.
  11. Ester 1:11The king’s request was basically to display the queen’s beauty as one more trophy before all the drunken guests at the feast.
  12. Ester 1:12Queen Vashti refuses to appear before the guests when summoned by the king, and this refusal, small as it may seem today, is treated at court as a political scandal capable of shaking the authority of every husband in the empire. It is this act of refusal that opens the way for the choosing of a new queen later on.
  13. Ester 1:13Instead of deciding alone, the king formally consults his legal advisers, following the Persian custom of treating even personal matters as affairs of state.
  14. Ester 1:14Seven princes of the highest trust, with direct and constant access to the king, make up the council that will decide Vashti’s fate.
  15. Ester 1:15The king’s formal question treats Vashti’s refusal as a legal matter, not an emotional one: what the law requires for this kind of disobedience.
  16. Ester 1:16Memucan exaggerates the seriousness of the case, turning the queen’s personal refusal into a crime against the whole empire, not just against her husband.
  17. Ester 1:17Memucan’s argument is basically about social control: if Vashti’s refusal went unpunished, other women in the empire might feel free to disobey their own husbands.
  18. Ester 1:18Memucan predicts a chain reaction: if the noblewomen hear of the case, marital disrespect could spread quickly through the whole empire.
  19. Ester 1:19The decree against Vashti is recorded “among the laws of the Persians and the Medes,” which, by the custom of that empire, could not be revoked once signed by the king. This rule that a royal law, once sealed, was irreversible comes back decisively later in the story.
  20. Ester 1:20The proposed solution is symbolic and sweeping: an official decree, published throughout the whole vast empire, to publicly reinforce husbands’ authority over their wives.
  21. Ester 1:21The king accepts the suggestion without question, and Memucan’s counsel becomes official decree of the empire, a decision that, unknown to him, will open the way for Esther to enter the story.
  22. Ester 1:22The decree is translated and distributed in every language and script used within the empire, an enormous communication effort just to reinforce male authority at home.

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