2 Reis 17

BLIVRE · Chapter 17/25

1No ano décimo segundo de Acaz rei de Judá, começou a reinar Oseias filho de Elá em Samaria sobre Israel; e reinou nove anos.

2E fez o que era mau aos olhos do SENHOR, ainda que não como os reis de Israel que antes dele haviam sido.

3Contra este subiu Salmaneser rei dos assírios; e Oseias foi feito seu servo, e pagava-lhe tributo.

4Mas o rei da Assíria achou que Oseias fazia conspiração: porque havia enviado embaixadores a Sô, rei do Egito, e não pagava tributo ao rei da Assíria, como cada ano: pelo que o rei da Assíria lhe deteve, e lhe aprisionou na casa do cárcere.

5E o rei da Assíria partiu contra todo aquela terra, e subiu contra Samaria, e a cercou por três anos.

6No nono ano de Oseias, o rei da Assíria tomou a Samaria, e transportou a Israel a Assíria, e os pôs em Hala, e em Habor, junto ao rio de Gozã, e nas cidades dos medos.

7Porque como os filhos de Israel pecassem contra o SENHOR seu Deus, que os tirou da terra do Egito de sob a mão de Faraó rei do Egito, e temessem a deuses alheios,

8E andassem nos estatutos das nações que o SENHOR havia lançado diante dos filhos de Israel, e nos dos reis de Israel, que fizeram;

9E os filhos de Israel fizeram secretamente coisas que não eram corretas, contra o SENHOR seu Deus, edificando para si altos em todas as suas cidades, desde as torres das atalaias até as cidades fortes,

10E levantaram para si estátuas e bosques em todo morro alto, e debaixo de toda árvore frondosa,

11E queimaram ali incenso em todos os altos, à maneira das nações que o SENHOR havia expulsado diante deles, e fizeram coisas muito más para provocar o SENHOR à ira,

12Pois serviam aos ídolos, dos quais o SENHOR lhes havia dito: Vós não haveis de fazer isto;

13O SENHOR advertia, então, contra Israel e contra Judá, por meio de todos os profetas, e de todos os videntes, dizendo: Convertei-vos de vossos maus caminhos, e guardai meus mandamentos e minhas ordenanças, conforme a todas as leis que eu prescrevi a vossos pais, e que os enviei por meio de meus servos, os profetas.

14Mas eles não obedeceram, antes endureceram sua cerviz, como a cerviz de seus pais, os quais não creram no SENHOR seu Deus.

15E rejeitaram seus estatutos, e seu pacto que ele havia concertado com seus pais, e seus testemunhos que ele havia advertido contra eles; e seguiram a vaidade, e se fizeram vãos, e seguiram as nações que estavam ao redor deles, das quais o SENHOR havia lhes mandado que não fizessem à maneira delas;

16E deixaram todos os mandamentos do SENHOR seu Deus, e fizeram para si imagens de dois bezerros, e também bosques, e adoraram a todo o exército do céu, e serviram a Baal:

17E fizeram passar a seus filhos e a suas filhas por fogo; e deram-se a adivinhações e agouros, e entregaram-se a fazer o que era mau aos olhos do SENHOR, provocando-o à ira.

18O SENHOR, portanto, se irou em grande maneira contra Israel, e tirou-os de diante de seu rosto; que não restou a não ser somente a tribo de Judá.

19Mas nem ainda Judá guardou os mandamentos do SENHOR seu Deus; antes andaram nos estatutos de Israel, os quais eles haviam feito.

20E rejeitou o SENHOR toda a semente de Israel, e afligiu-os, e entregou-os em mãos de saqueadores, até lançá-los de sua presença.

21Porque cortou a Israel da casa de Davi, e eles se fizeram rei a Jeroboão filho de Nebate; e Jeroboão desviou a Israel de seguir o SENHOR, e fez-lhes cometer grande pecado.

22E os filhos de Israel andaram em todos os pecados de Jeroboão que ele fez, sem desviar-se deles;

23Até que o SENHOR tirou a Israel de diante de seu rosto, como o havia ele dito por meio de todos os profetas seus servos: e Israel foi transportado de sua terra à Assíria, até hoje.

24E trouxe o rei da Assíria gente de Babilônia, e de Cuta, e de Hava, e de Hamate, e de Sefarvaim, e os pôs nas cidades de Samaria, em lugar dos filhos de Israel; e possuíram a Samaria, e habitaram em suas cidades.

25E aconteceu ao princípio, quando começaram a habitar ali, que não temendo eles ao SENHOR, enviou o SENHOR contra eles leões que os matavam.

26Então disseram eles ao rei da Assíria: As nações que tu transportaste e puseste nas cidades de Samaria, não sabem a costume do Deus daquela terra, e ele lançou leões neles, e eis que os matam, porque não sabem a costume do Deus da terra.

27E o rei da Assíria mandou, dizendo: Levai ali a algum dos sacerdotes que trouxestes dali, e vão e habitem ali, e ensinem-lhes o costume do Deus daquela terra.

28E veio um dos sacerdotes que haviam transportado de Samaria, e habitou em Betel, e ensinou-lhes como haviam de temer ao SENHOR.

29Mas cada nação fez para si seus deuses, e puseram-nos nos templos dos altos que haviam feito os de Samaria; cada nação em sua cidade onde habitava.

30Os da Babilônia fizeram a Sucote-Benote, e os de Cuta fizeram a Nergal, e os de Hamate fizeram a Asima;

31Os heveus fizeram a Nibaz e a Tartaque; e os de Sefarvaim queimavam seus filhos ao fogo a Adrameleque e a Anameleque, deuses de Sefarvaim.

32E temiam ao SENHOR; e fizeram dos do povo sacerdotes dos altos, os quais sacrificavam para eles nos templos dos altos.

33Temiam ao SENHOR, e honravam a seus deuses, segundo o costume das nações de onde haviam sido transportados.

34Até hoje fazem como primeiro; que nem temem ao SENHOR, nem guardam seus estatutos, nem suas ordenanças, nem fazem segundo a lei e os mandamentos que prescreveu o SENHOR aos filhos de Jacó, ao qual pôs o nome de Israel;

35Com os quais havia o SENHOR feito pacto, e lhes mandou, dizendo: Não temereis a outros deuses, nem os adorareis, nem lhes servireis, nem lhes sacrificareis:

36Mas ao SENHOR, que vos tirou da terra do Egito com grande poder e braço estendido, a este temereis, e a este adorareis, e a este fareis sacrifício.

37Os estatutos e direitos e lei e mandamentos que vos deu por escrito, cuidareis sempre de praticá-los, e não temereis deuses alheios.

38E não esquecereis o pacto que fiz convosco; nem temereis deuses alheios:

39Mas temei ao SENHOR vosso Deus, e ele vos livrará da mão de todos vossos inimigos.

40Porém eles não escutaram; antes fizeram segundo seu costume antigo.

41Assim temeram ao SENHOR aquelas nações, e juntamente serviram a seus ídolos: e também seus filhos e seus netos, segundo que fizeram seus pais, assim fazem até hoje.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Hoshea, the last king of Israel, is conquered by Assyria after trying a secret alliance with Egypt. Samaria falls after a three-year siege, and the people are deported, permanently ending the Northern Kingdom. The chapter gives an extensive theological summary of the sins that caused this destruction, and describes how foreigners brought into the region mixed worship of God with their own idols.

Explanation

This is one of the most theologically important chapters in the entire book, functioning as a kind of national obituary: a detailed explanation of why the Northern Kingdom ceased to exist after only about 200 years, always attributing the cause to persistent spiritual unfaithfulness, not merely to Assyrian military might. The religious mixture of Samaria's new inhabitants (fearing God but also serving idols) gave rise to the Samaritan people, whose religious tension with the Jews persisted all the way to the time of Jesus in the New Testament.

Fun facts

  • The fall of Samaria in 722 BC is confirmed by independent Assyrian records, including inscriptions of King Sargon II, who claims the city's final conquest — one of the clearest intersections between biblical history and external archaeological records.
  • The mixed religious origin of the Samaritans described here (worshiping both God and foreign idols) helps explain why, centuries later, Jews of Jesus's time considered Samaritans religiously suspect, making the parable of the 'good Samaritan' even more radical in its original context.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. 2 Reis 17:1Hoshea, son of Elah, begins to reign over Israel (the north) in Samaria in the twelfth year of Ahaz of Judah (the south), and reigns nine years — he will be the last king of the northern kingdom.
  2. 2 Reis 17:2Hoshea does what is evil, but the text notes not as much as the kings before him — a detail that does not change the chapter’s final outcome.
  3. 2 Reis 17:3Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, attacks Hoshea, who becomes his vassal, paying regular tribute.
  4. 2 Reis 17:4Assyria discovers that Hoshea has been secretly negotiating with the king of Egypt and has stopped paying tribute — as punishment for the betrayal, he is arrested.
  5. 2 Reis 17:5The Assyrian king invades the whole land and besieges Samaria, capital of Israel (the north), for three straight years.
  6. 2 Reis 17:6This is the end of the northern kingdom as a political entity: the population is carried off to distant regions of the Assyrian empire. It is the beginning of what later became known as the ten lost tribes, since most of them never returned or kept a separate identity.
  7. 2 Reis 17:7The author interrupts the historical narrative to give an extended religious assessment, listing Israel’s accumulated sins — idolatry, high places, divination, child sacrifice. It is one of the longest sermons inserted into the book of Kings, explaining the fall as an accumulated consequence, not chance.
  8. 2 Reis 17:8Israel followed the customs of the very nations the Lord had driven out before them, plus customs invented by Israel’s own kings.
  9. 2 Reis 17:9Idolatry was not confined to official shrines: the people secretly built high places in every town, from the smallest to the fortified ones.
  10. 2 Reis 17:10They set up sacred pillars and Asherah poles on every high hill and under every green tree — idolatry spread everywhere, not confined to one place.
  11. 2 Reis 17:11They burned incense at all the high places, copying exactly the nations the Lord had driven out, provoking divine anger on purpose.
  12. 2 Reis 17:12They served idols despite the Lord’s explicit and repeated command not to do exactly that.
  13. 2 Reis 17:13Even so, the Lord warned Israel and Judah again and again through all His prophets, calling them to turn from their evil ways.
  14. 2 Reis 17:14They would not listen, hardening their hearts just like their ancestors who had not trusted the Lord.
  15. 2 Reis 17:15They rejected His statutes and the covenant made with their fathers, went after worthless things and became worthless themselves, imitating the very nations they had been warned not to imitate.
  16. 2 Reis 17:16They abandoned all the commandments of the Lord, made two metal calves, an Asherah pole, bowed down to the stars, and served Baal.
  17. 2 Reis 17:17They even burned their own sons and daughters in the fire, practiced divination and sought omens, selling themselves to do evil again and again.
  18. 2 Reis 17:18Because of this the Lord is deeply angered and removes Israel from His presence, leaving standing only the tribe of Judah (the south).
  19. 2 Reis 17:19But not even Judah kept the commandments of the Lord — they too followed the customs invented by Israel, a warning that Judah was not safe from the same fate.
  20. 2 Reis 17:20The Lord rejects the whole line of Israel, afflicts them, hands them over to raiders, until He finally casts them out of His presence for good.
  21. 2 Reis 17:21The text recalls the root of the problem: when the kingdom split and Jeroboam became king of the north, he himself drove Israel away from the Lord and led them into great sin.
  22. 2 Reis 17:22The Israelites persisted in all the sins Jeroboam had committed, never turning away from them for generations.
  23. 2 Reis 17:23In the end, the Lord removes Israel from His presence exactly as He had warned through all His prophets, and the people are exiled to Assyria — an exile still going on when the book was written.
  24. 2 Reis 17:24The Assyrian practice of deporting one population and bringing in another to occupy the territory — in this case people from Babylon and other cities — is what gives rise, over time, to the Samaritan people. This mixed group will keep a tense relationship with the Jews of the south for centuries.
  25. 2 Reis 17:25At the start of the new occupation, the foreign peoples brought to Samaria did not fear the Lord, and He sends lions that kill some of them.
  26. 2 Reis 17:26The new residents tell the Assyrian king they do not know “the manner of the God of the land,” and that is why the lions are attacking.
  27. 2 Reis 17:27The king of Assyria sends back one of the exiled Israelite priests specifically to teach the new residents the custom of the god of that land.
  28. 2 Reis 17:28A priest returns, settles in Bethel, and teaches the foreign people how to fear the Lord — but in an incomplete way, mixed in with their own gods.
  29. 2 Reis 17:29An Israelite priest is sent back to teach the new residents the custom of the God of the land, but each ethnic group keeps worshiping its own gods as well. It is a picture of religious syncretism that the text treats as a problem, not a solution.
  30. 2 Reis 17:30Each people brought to Samaria keeps its own god: those from Babylon make Succoth-benoth, those from Cuthah make Nergal, those from Hamath make Ashima.
  31. 2 Reis 17:31The Avites make Nibhaz and Tartak; the Sepharvites go so far as to burn their own children in honor of Adrammelech and Anammelech, gods of Sepharvaim.
  32. 2 Reis 17:32At the same time, these peoples also feared the Lord, choosing priests from among themselves to serve at the shrines of the high places.
  33. 2 Reis 17:33This is how Samaria’s mixed religion is born: they feared the Lord and at the same time served their own gods, in the way each people had brought from their homeland.
  34. 2 Reis 17:34Down to the time the book was written, this people still followed the old customs, without fully fearing the Lord according to the Law given to the descendants of Jacob, who was named Israel.
  35. 2 Reis 17:35The Lord had made a clear covenant with Israel: do not fear other gods, do not bow down to them, do not serve them or sacrifice to them.
  36. 2 Reis 17:36Instead, they were to fear only the Lord who brought them out of Egypt with great power, bowing down and sacrificing to Him alone.
  37. 2 Reis 17:37They were to take care to keep, every day, the statutes, ordinances, law, and commandment written for them, never fearing other gods.
  38. 2 Reis 17:38They were not to forget the covenant made with them, nor to fear other gods under any circumstance.
  39. 2 Reis 17:39By fearing only the Lord, God Himself promised to deliver them from the hands of all their enemies.
  40. 2 Reis 17:40Even with all this, they did not listen and kept up their same old customs.
  41. 2 Reis 17:41In the end, these mixed nations feared the Lord and at the same time served their own carved images — and their children and grandchildren kept doing the same down to the time the book was written. This is where the Samaritans who appear later in the Gospels come from.

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