Rute 1

ARC · Chapter 1/4

1E succedeu que, nos dias em que os juizes julgavam, houve uma fome na terra: pelo que um homem de Beth-lehem de Judah saiu a peregrinar nos campos de Moab, elle e sua mulher, e seus dois filhos:

2E era o nome d'este homem Elimelech, e o nome de sua mulher Noemi, e os nomes de seus dois filhos Mahon e Chilion, ephrateos, de Beth-lehem de Judah: e vieram aos campos de Moab, e ficaram ali.

3E morreu Elimelech, marido de Noemi: e ficou ella com os seus dois filhos,

4Os quaes tomaram para si mulheres moabitas: e era o nome d'uma Orpha, e o nome da outra Ruth; e ficaram ali quasi dez annos.

5E morreram tambem ambos, Mahalon e Chilion, ficando assim esta mulher desamparada dos seus dois filhos e de seu marido.

6Então se levantou ella com as suas noras, e voltou dos campos de Moab: porquanto na terra de Moab ouviu que o Senhor tinha visitado o seu povo. dando-lhe pão.

7Pelo que saiu do logar onde estivera, e as suas duas noras com ella. E, indo ellas caminhando, para voltarem para a terra de Judah,

8Disse Noemi ás suas duas noras: Ide, voltae cada uma á casa de sua mãe; e o Senhor use comvosco de benevolencia, como vós usastes com os defuntos e comigo.

9O Senhor vos dê que acheis descanço cada uma em casa de seu marido. E, beijando-as ella, levantaram a sua voz e choraram.

10E disseram-lhe: Certamente voltaremos comtigo ao teu povo.

11Porém Noemi disse: Tornae, minhas filhas, porque irieis comigo? tenho eu ainda no meu ventre mais filhos, para que vos fossem por maridos?

12Tornae, filhas minhas, ide-vos embora, que já mui velha sou para ter marido: ainda quando eu dissesse, Tenho esperança, ou ainda que esta noite tivesse marido e ainda parisse filhos,

13Esperal-os-hieis até que viessem a ser grandes? deter-vos-hieis por elles, sem tomardes marido? não, filhas minhas, que mais amargo me é a mim do que a vós mesmas; porquanto a mão do Senhor se descarregou contra mim.

14Então levantaram a sua voz, e tornaram a chorar: e Orpha beijou a sua sogra, porém Ruth se apegou a ella.

15Pelo que disse: Eis que voltou tua cunhada ao seu povo e aos seus deuses: volta tu tambem após da tua cunhada.

16Disse porém Ruth: Não me instes para que te deixe, e me torne de detraz de ti; porque aonde quer que tu fores irei eu, e onde quer que pousares á noite ali pousarei eu; o teu povo é o meu povo, o teu Deus é o meu Deus

17Onde quer que morreres morrerei eu, e ali serei sepultada: me faça assim o Senhor, e outro tanto, se outra coisa que não seja a morte me separar de ti.

18Vendo ella, pois, que de todo estava resolvida para ir com ella, deixou de lhe fallar.

19Assim pois foram-se ambas, até que chegaram a Beth-lehem: e succedeu que, entrando ellas em Beth-lehem, toda a cidade se commoveu por causa d'ellas, e diziam: Não é esta Noemi?

20Porém ella lhes dizia: Não me chameis Noemi; chamae-me Mara; porque grande amargura me tem dado o Todo-poderoso.

21Cheia parti, porém vazia o Senhor me fez tornar: porque pois me chamareis Noemi? pois o Senhor testifica contra mim, e o Todo-poderoso me tem feito tanto mal.

22Assim Noemi voltou, e com ella Ruth a moabita, sua nora, que voltou dos campos de Moab: e chegaram a Beth-lehem no principio da sega das cevadas.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

A famine leads Naomi and her family to Moab, where her husband and two sons die. Widowed and without descendants, Naomi decides to return to Bethlehem, and her daughter-in-law Ruth insists on going with her, refusing to abandon her.

Explanation

In the context of the time of the judges, mentioned right in the first verse, a widow with no sons faced extreme economic and social vulnerability, with no legal means of supporting herself. Ruth's decision — a Moabite (a people historically hostile to Israel) — to leave her land, her people, and her gods to follow Naomi is one of the most celebrated acts of loyalty in the Bible, expressed in the famous declaration, 'whither thou goest, I will go... thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God.' Naomi's bitterness, as she asks to be called 'Mara' (bitter), shows emotional honesty in the face of loss — the Bible does not hide moments of genuine despair, even in people of faith.

Fun facts

  • Moab and Israel had a history of hostility, since the Moabites descended from an incestuous relationship between Lot and his daughter (Genesis 19:37) and were forbidden from entering the assembly of Israel (Deuteronomy 23:3).
  • The name Naomi means 'my sweetness/pleasant,' while the name she chooses for herself, Mara, means 'bitter' — a Hebrew wordplay that expresses her pain over the turnaround in her life.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Rute 1:1The famine that pushes Elimelech and his family to Moab happens in the days when the judges ruled, the same violent and unstable era described in the previous book. It is the backdrop that explains why a family from Bethlehem would risk living among a foreign people.
  2. Rute 1:2The text immediately introduces the whole family by name: Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion, all originally from Bethlehem but now living as foreigners in Moab.
  3. Rute 1:3Elimelech dies in Moab, leaving Naomi alone with her two sons, still far from home.
  4. Rute 1:4Marrying Moabite women was frowned upon in Israel, since Moab had a disputed origin and a history of religious conflict. The book does not directly condemn these marriages, but it sets the stage to show Ruth, a foreigner, becoming a model of loyalty.
  5. Rute 1:5Both sons also die, leaving Naomi without husband or children in a foreign land — a situation of extreme vulnerability for a woman of that time.
  6. Rute 1:6Hearing that the famine in Bethlehem had ended, Naomi decides to return home, taking her two daughters-in-law with her.
  7. Rute 1:7Naomi leaves the place where she had been living, accompanied by her two daughters-in-law, on the road back to Judah.
  8. Rute 1:8Along the way, Naomi urges her daughters-in-law to go back to their mothers’ homes, praying that the Lord would reward the kindness they had shown to their deceased husbands and to her.
  9. Rute 1:9She wishes that each of them would find a new husband and a new home; as they say goodbye with a kiss, they all weep.
  10. Rute 1:10Both daughters-in-law insist on staying with Naomi, saying they will return with her to her own people.
  11. Rute 1:11Naomi explains to her daughters-in-law that she has no more sons to give them as husbands, a reference to the custom of levirate marriage, in which the brother of a dead man was to marry his widow to raise up an heir in his name. Without sons, she has no way to fulfill that role.
  12. Rute 1:12Naomi insists that they turn back, explaining that she is already too old to have another husband and bear new sons for them.
  13. Rute 1:13She argues that it would make no sense for her daughters-in-law to wait for sons who do not even exist yet, and laments that her situation is more bitter because of what she considers a punishment from the Lord.
  14. Rute 1:14Faced with her insistence, Orpah kisses her mother-in-law goodbye and leaves, but Ruth refuses to leave Naomi.
  15. Rute 1:15Naomi tries to convince Ruth to follow Orpah’s example, going back to her own people and her own gods.
  16. Rute 1:16Ruth’s promise to go wherever Naomi goes is more than affection: it is a formal renunciation of her own people, land, and gods in order to join completely with her mother-in-law’s family and faith. It is unusual for a foreign, widowed daughter-in-law with no obligation to remain tied to her at all.
  17. Rute 1:17Ruth completes her vow, saying she wants to die and be buried where Naomi dies, asking that only death separate them.
  18. Rute 1:18Seeing that Ruth is fully determined, Naomi stops insisting and accepts her company.
  19. Rute 1:19The two arrive together in Bethlehem, and the whole town stirs at their arrival, recognizing Naomi after so many years away.
  20. Rute 1:20Naomi asks to be called Mara, meaning bitter, because she lost her husband and both sons in Moab. It is a request for a name change that reflects her grief, not a name that actually stuck; the text keeps calling her Naomi afterward.
  21. Rute 1:21Naomi explains the reason for her request: she left full, with husband and sons, and returned empty, feeling that the Lord had turned against her.
  22. Rute 1:22The chapter closes with Naomi and Ruth arriving in Bethlehem right at the beginning of the barley harvest — a detail that sets the scene for the next chapter.

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