1 Kings 22

KJV · Chapter 22/22

1And they continued three years without war between Syria and Israel.

2And it came to pass in the third year, that Jehoshaphat the king of Judah came down to the king of Israel.

3And the king of Israel said unto his servants, Know ye that Ramoth in Gilead is ours, and we be still, and take it not out of the hand of the king of Syria?

4And he said unto Jehoshaphat, Wilt thou go with me to battle to Ramoth–gilead? And Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, I am as thou art, my people as thy people, my horses as thy horses.

5And Jehoshaphat said unto the king of Israel, Enquire, I pray thee, at the word of the Lord to day.

6Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets together, about four hundred men, and said unto them, Shall I go against Ramoth–gilead to battle, or shall I forbear? And they said, Go up; for the Lord shall deliver it into the hand of the king.

7And Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the Lord besides, that we might enquire of him?

8And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, There is yet one man, Micaiah the son of Imlah, by whom we may enquire of the Lord: but I hate him; for he doth not prophesy good concerning me, but evil. And Jehoshaphat said, Let not the king say so.

9Then the king of Israel called an officer, and said, Hasten hither Micaiah the son of Imlah.

10And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah sat each on his throne, having put on their robes, in a void place in the entrance of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets prophesied before them.

11And Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah made him horns of iron: and he said, Thus saith the Lord, With these shalt thou push the Syrians, until thou have consumed them.

12And all the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to Ramoth–gilead, and prosper: for the Lord shall deliver it into the king’s hand.

13And the messenger that was gone to call Micaiah spake unto him, saying, Behold now, the words of the prophets declare good unto the king with one mouth: let thy word, I pray thee, be like the word of one of them, and speak that which is good.

14And Micaiah said, As the Lord liveth, what the Lord saith unto me, that will I speak.

15So he came to the king. And the king said unto him, Micaiah, shall we go against Ramoth–gilead to battle, or shall we forbear? And he answered him, Go, and prosper: for the Lord shall deliver it into the hand of the king.

16And the king said unto him, How many times shall I adjure thee that thou tell me nothing but that which is true in the name of the Lord?

17And he said, I saw all Israel scattered upon the hills, as sheep that have not a shepherd: and the Lord said, These have no master: let them return every man to his house in peace.

18And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, Did I not tell thee that he would prophesy no good concerning me, but evil?

19And he said, Hear thou therefore the word of the Lord: I saw the Lord sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven standing by him on his right hand and on his left.

20And the Lord said, Who shall persuade Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth–gilead? And one said on this manner, and another said on that manner.

21And there came forth a spirit, and stood before the Lord, and said, I will persuade him.

22And the Lord said unto him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou shalt persuade him, and prevail also: go forth, and do so.

23Now therefore, behold, the Lord hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy prophets, and the Lord hath spoken evil concerning thee.

24But Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah went near, and smote Micaiah on the cheek, and said, Which way went the Spirit of the Lord from me to speak unto thee?

25And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see in that day, when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself.

26And the king of Israel said, Take Micaiah, and carry him back unto Amon the governor of the city, and to Joash the king’s son;

27And say, Thus saith the king, Put this fellow in the prison, and feed him with bread of affliction and with water of affliction, until I come in peace.

28And Micaiah said, If thou return at all in peace, the Lord hath not spoken by me. And he said, Hearken, O people, every one of you.

29So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramoth–gilead.

30And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, I will disguise myself, and enter into the battle; but put thou on thy robes. And the king of Israel disguised himself, and went into the battle.

31But the king of Syria commanded his thirty and two captains that had rule over his chariots, saying, Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king of Israel.

32And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said, Surely it is the king of Israel. And they turned aside to fight against him: and Jehoshaphat cried out.

33And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots perceived that it was not the king of Israel, that they turned back from pursuing him.

34And a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between the joints of the harness: wherefore he said unto the driver of his chariot, Turn thine hand, and carry me out of the host; for I am wounded.

35And the battle increased that day: and the king was stayed up in his chariot against the Syrians, and died at even: and the blood ran out of the wound into the midst of the chariot.

36And there went a proclamation throughout the host about the going down of the sun, saying, Every man to his city, and every man to his own country.

37So the king died, and was brought to Samaria; and they buried the king in Samaria.

38And one washed the chariot in the pool of Samaria; and the dogs licked up his blood; and they washed his armour; according unto the word of the Lord which he spake.

39Now the rest of the acts of Ahab, and all that he did, and the ivory house which he made, and all the cities that he built, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

40So Ahab slept with his fathers; and Ahaziah his son reigned in his stead.

41And Jehoshaphat the son of Asa began to reign over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel.

42Jehoshaphat was thirty and five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother’s name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.

43And he walked in all the ways of Asa his father; he turned not aside from it, doing that which was right in the eyes of the Lord: nevertheless the high places were not taken away; for the people offered and burnt incense yet in the high places.

44And Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel.

45Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, and his might that he shewed, and how he warred, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?

46And the remnant of the sodomites, which remained in the days of his father Asa, he took out of the land.

47There was then no king in Edom: a deputy was king.

48Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Ezion–geber.

49Then said Ahaziah the son of Ahab unto Jehoshaphat, Let my servants go with thy servants in the ships. But Jehoshaphat would not.

50And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father: and Jehoram his son reigned in his stead.

51Ahaziah the son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in Samaria the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned two years over Israel.

52And he did evil in the sight of the Lord, and walked in the way of his father, and in the way of his mother, and in the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin:

53For he served Baal, and worshipped him, and provoked to anger the Lord God of Israel, according to all that his father had done.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Ahab allies with Jehoshaphat of Judah to attack Ramoth-Gilead, ignoring the prophet Micaiah's warning that he would die in battle. Disguised, Ahab is killed by a random arrow, fulfilling the prophecy. The chapter also summarizes the reigns of Jehoshaphat in Judah and Ahaziah in Israel.

Explanation

The scene of Micaiah's heavenly vision, where a 'lying spirit' is sent to deceive Ahab's false prophets, is one of the theologically most complex passages in the Old Testament regarding God's sovereignty even over events involving deception — always within the context of just judgment against someone who had already repeatedly rejected the truth. Ahab's attempt to escape his fate by disguising himself shows the futility of trying to outmaneuver the word of God through human strategies. His death closes one of the most idolatrous and tragic reigns in Israel, exactly as Elijah had prophesied.

Fun facts

  • Micaiah, son of Imlah, is mentioned only in this episode, but he became a biblical symbol of prophetic integrity — speaking the truth even knowing it would mean imprisonment and a ration of 'the bread of affliction and the water of affliction,' as the king ordered.
  • Ahab's fatal wound, from an arrow shot 'at a venture' by a soldier who did not even know who his target was, is often cited as a biblical example that there is no true chance when God's word has already determined an outcome.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. 1 Kings 22:1Three years pass without war between Syria and Israel — a period of peace after so many earlier conflicts.
  2. 1 Kings 22:2In the third year, Jehoshaphat, king of Judah (SOUTH), goes down to visit the king of Israel (NORTH) — the two kingdoms meeting on good terms.
  3. 1 Kings 22:3The king of Israel says to his officials: Do you know that Ramoth-gilead belongs to us, and we still have not done anything to take it back from the king of Syria?
  4. 1 Kings 22:4He invites Jehoshaphat to fight together for Ramoth-gilead, and Jehoshaphat gladly agrees: I am as you are, my people as your people, my horses as your horses.
  5. 1 Kings 22:5But Jehoshaphat adds an important condition: first, let us inquire of the word of the Lord.
  6. 1 Kings 22:6These four hundred prophets seem to be a kind of official court council, paid to confirm the king’s decisions. Micaiah is the only one who speaks outside the chorus, and Ahab openly admits he hates him just for that.
  7. 1 Kings 22:7Unsatisfied with the court prophets’ answer, Jehoshaphat asks: Is there no true prophet of the Lord here we can consult?
  8. 1 Kings 22:8Ahab admits there is one, Micaiah son of Imlah, but confesses he hates him because he never prophesies anything good about him, only bad; Jehoshaphat rebukes him for talking that way.
  9. 1 Kings 22:9The king of Israel calls an officer and orders Micaiah brought quickly.
  10. 1 Kings 22:10The two kings are sitting on their thrones, dressed in royal robes, in the open square by the gate of Samaria, with all the other prophets performing before them.
  11. 1 Kings 22:11Zedekiah son of Chenaanah makes iron horns and declares: thus says the Lord, with these you will gore the Syrians until they are finished.
  12. 1 Kings 22:12All the other prophets say the same thing: go up to Ramoth-gilead and win, for the Lord will deliver the city into the king’s hand.
  13. 1 Kings 22:13The messenger sent to fetch Micaiah warns him: look, all the prophets are speaking good things to the king with one voice; say the same thing they do.
  14. 1 Kings 22:14Micaiah answers firmly: as the Lord lives, I will say exactly what the Lord tells me.
  15. 1 Kings 22:15Before the king, he repeats the other prophets’ line in an ironic tone: go up and win, the Lord will deliver the city into your hand — a mockery so obvious the king catches it instantly.
  16. 1 Kings 22:16The king demands: how many times must I make you swear to tell me nothing but the truth in the name of the Lord?
  17. 1 Kings 22:17Then Micaiah tells the real vision: all Israel scattered on the hills like sheep without a shepherd, and the Lord saying, “These have no master: let them return every man to his house in peace” — a vision of the king’s death and the army’s defeat.
  18. 1 Kings 22:18The king of Israel says to Jehoshaphat: did I not tell you he never prophesies anything good about me, only bad?
  19. 1 Kings 22:19This is one of the most debated passages in the Old Testament: Micaiah describes a kind of council in heaven where a spirit volunteers to deceive the court prophets. Scholars disagree considerably on how to understand this image of God allowing deception.
  20. 1 Kings 22:20The Lord asks who will persuade Ahab to go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead, and different spirits suggest different ways to do it.
  21. 1 Kings 22:21A spirit comes forward before the Lord and says, “I will persuade him,” and the Lord asks, “Wherewith?”
  22. 1 Kings 22:22The spirit answers: I will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets; the Lord says: you will succeed, go and do it.
  23. 1 Kings 22:23Micaiah concludes the explanation: so the Lord has put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these prophets of yours, because He has already decreed disaster over you.
  24. 1 Kings 22:24Zedekiah son of Chenaanah comes up and slaps Micaiah across the face, asking: which way did the spirit of the Lord go when it left me to speak with you?
  25. 1 Kings 22:25Micaiah answers: you will find out on the day you go hide from room to room.
  26. 1 Kings 22:26The king of Israel orders Micaiah arrested and taken back to Amon, the governor of the city, and to Joash, the king’s son.
  27. 1 Kings 22:27With the order: put this man in prison and feed him nothing but bread and water of affliction until I return in peace.
  28. 1 Kings 22:28Micaiah retorts: if you ever return in peace, the Lord has not spoken through me — and he adds: listen, all of you!
  29. 1 Kings 22:29So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, go up together to Ramoth-gilead.
  30. 1 Kings 22:30The king of Israel tells Jehoshaphat: I will disguise myself to go into battle, but you wear your royal robes — and he does disguise himself, in a clear attempt to dodge Micaiah’s prophecy through a trick.
  31. 1 Kings 22:31The king of Syria had already ordered his thirty-two chariot commanders not to fight anyone except the king of Israel specifically.
  32. 1 Kings 22:32Seeing Jehoshaphat, the chariot commanders think he is the king of Israel and move in to attack him, and he cries out.
  33. 1 Kings 22:33Once they realize he is not the king of Israel, they stop chasing him — Jehoshaphat narrowly escapes precisely because Ahab’s disguise pulled the target onto him.
  34. 1 Kings 22:34Ahab’s fatal wound comes from an arrow shot at random, not aimed at him specifically. The text uses this chance hit to suggest that not even in disguise did the king escape what had been announced against him.
  35. 1 Kings 22:35The battle rages all day, and the king stays propped up in his chariot facing the Syrians; he dies by evening, with blood from the wound running down into the bottom of the chariot.
  36. 1 Kings 22:36At sunset, a cry spreads through the army: every man to his own city, every man to his own land! — the war effectively over with the king’s death.
  37. 1 Kings 22:37Ahab’s blood drains into the chariot until he dies, and when they wash the chariot at a pool in Samaria, the dogs lick up the blood, fulfilling to the letter the prophecy Elijah had made about Naboth.
  38. 1 Kings 22:38This detail closes the loop opened in chapter 21. Elijah’s word against Ahab is fulfilled, even if in an almost accidental way and in a different city from Naboth’s vineyard.
  39. 1 Kings 22:39The rest of Ahab’s deeds, the ivory palace he built, and all the cities he constructed are recorded in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel.
  40. 1 Kings 22:40Ahaziah inherits the throne, but also his parents’ idolatry: he will reign only two years before dying without children, and his brother Jehoram takes over after him.
  41. 1 Kings 22:41Meanwhile, Jehoshaphat son of Asa becomes king of Judah (SOUTH) in the fourth year of Ahab as king of Israel (NORTH).
  42. 1 Kings 22:42Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem; his mother’s name was Azubah, daughter of Shilhi.
  43. 1 Kings 22:43This is a refrain repeated for several kings of Judah considered good, like Jehoshaphat: they stopped the worst idolatry but left the local high places running. Only much later, with Hezekiah and Josiah, would those high places actually be removed.
  44. 1 Kings 22:44Even so, the high places were not removed; the people kept sacrificing and burning incense there — not even a good king like Jehoshaphat managed to fully reform this.
  45. 1 Kings 22:45Jehoshaphat lived at peace with the king of Israel — a notable change after generations of war between the two kingdoms.
  46. 1 Kings 22:46The rest of Jehoshaphat’s deeds, his power, and his wars are recorded in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah.
  47. 1 Kings 22:47He also drove out of the land the cult prostitutes who still remained even after his father Asa’s reforms.
  48. 1 Kings 22:48At that time there was no king in Edom, only a deputy governor in his place.
  49. 1 Kings 22:49Jehoshaphat orders ships of Tarshish built to go get gold from Ophir, but they never make the journey because they wreck at Ezion-geber.
  50. 1 Kings 22:50Ahaziah son of Ahab offers to send his sailors along with Jehoshaphat’s crew, but Jehoshaphat refuses — perhaps having already learned to keep his distance from the northern dynasty.
  51. 1 Kings 22:51Jehoshaphat dies and is buried with his ancestors in the City of David; his son Jehoram reigns in his place.
  52. 1 Kings 22:52Ahaziah son of Ahab begins to reign over Israel (NORTH) in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat, reigning two years.
  53. 1 Kings 22:53He does what is evil in the eyes of the Lord, following the ways of his father, his mother, and Jeroboam, who made Israel sin; he serves Baal and bows down to him, provoking the Lord just as his father had done.

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