2 Reis 23

ARC · Chapter 23/25

1Então o rei enviou, e todos os anciãos de Judah e de Jerusalem se ajuntaram a elle.

2E o rei subiu á casa do Senhor, e com elle todos os homens de Judah, e todos o moradores de Jerusalem, e os sacerdotes, e os prophetas, e todo o povo, desde o mais pequeno até ao maior: e leu aos ouvidos d'elles todas as palavras do livro do concerto, que se achou na casa do Senhor.

3E o rei se poz em pé junto á columna, e fez o concerto perante o Senhor, para andarem atraz do Senhor, e guardarem os seus mandamentos, e os seus testemunhos, e os seus estatutos, com todo o coração, e com toda a alma, confirmando as palavras d'este concerto, que estavam escriptas n'aquelle livro; e todo o povo esteve por este concerto.

4E o rei mandou ao summo sacerdote Hilkias, e aos sacerdotes da segunda ordem, e aos guardas do umbral da porta, que se tirassem do templo do Senhor todos os vasos que se tinham feito para Baal, e para o bosque, e para todo o exercito dos céus: e os queimou fóra de Jerusalem, nos campos de Cedron, e levou o pó d'elles a Bethel.

5Tambem abrogou os sacerdotes que os reis de Judah estabeleceram para incensarem sobre os altos nas cidades de Judah, e ao redor de Jerusalem, como tambem os que incensavam a Baal, ao sol, e á lua, e aos mais planetas, e a todo o exercito dos céus.

6Tambem tirou da casa do Senhor o bosque para fóra de Jerusalem até ao ribeiro de Cedron, e o queimou junto ao ribeiro de Cedron, e o desfez em pó, e lançou o seu pó sobre as sepulturas dos filhos do povo

7Tambem derribou as casas dos rapazes escandalosos que estavam na casa do Senhor, em que as mulheres teciam casinhas para o bosque.

8E a todos os sacerdotes trouxe das cidades de Judah, e profanou os altos em que os sacerdotes incensavam, desde Geba até Berseba: e derribou os altos das portas, o que estava á entrada da porta de Josué, o chefe da cidade, que estava á mão esquerda d'aquelle que entrava pela porta da cidade.

9Mas os sacerdotes dos altos não sacrificavam sobre o altar do Senhor em Jerusalem; porém comiam pães asmos no meio de seus irmãos.

10Tambem profanou a Topheth, que está no valle dos filhos de Hinnom; para que ninguem fizesse passar a seu filho, ou sua filha, pelo fogo a Molech.

11Tambem tirou os cavallos que os reis de Judah tinham ordenado para o sol, á entrada da casa do Senhor, perto da camara de Nathan-melech, o eunucho, que estava no precinto: e os carros do sol queimou a fogo.

12Tambem o rei derribou os altares que estavam sobre o terraço do cenaculo de Achaz, os quaes fizeram os reis de Judah, como tambem o rei derribou os altares que fizera Manasseh nos dois atrios da casa do Senhor: e esmiuçados os tirou d'ali, e lançou o pó d'elles no ribeiro de Cedron.

13O rei profanou tambem os altos que estavam defronte de Jerusalem, á mão direita do monte de Mashith, os quaes edificara Salomão, rei d'Israel, a Astoreth, a abominação dos sidonios, e a Camos, a abominação dos moabitas, e a Milcom, a abominação dos filhos d'Ammon.

14Similhantemente quebrou as estatuas, e cortou os bosques, e encheu o seu logar com ossos de homens.

15E tambem o altar que estava em Bethel, e o alto que fez Jeroboão, filho de Nebat, que tinha feito peccar a Israel, juntamente com aquelle altar tambem o alto derribou; queimando o alto, em pó o esmiuçou, e queimou o bosque.

16E, virando-se Josias, viu as sepulturas que estavam ali no monte, e enviou, e tomou os ossos das sepulturas, e os queimou sobre aquelle altar, e assim o profanou, conforme palavra do Senhor, que apregoara o homem de Deus, quando apregoou estas palavras.

17Então disse: Que é este monumento que vejo? E o homens da cidade lhe disseram: É a sepultura do homem de Deus que veiu de Judah, e apregoou estas coisas que fizeste contra este altar de Bethel.

18E disse: Deixae-o estar; ninguem mexa nos seus ossos. Assim deixaram estar os seus ossos com os ossos do propheta que viera de Samaria.

19De mais d'isto tambem Josias tirou todas as casas dos altos que havia nas cidades de Samaria, e que os reis d'Israel tinham feito para provocarem á ira; e lhes fez conforme todos os feitos que tinha feito em Bethel.

20E sacrificou todos os sacerdotes dos altos, que havia ali, sobre os altares, e queimou ossos de homens sobre elles: depois voltou a Jerusalem.

21E o rei deu ordem a todo o povo, dizendo: Celebrae a paschoa ao Senhor vosso Deus, como está escripto no livro do concerto.

22Porque nunca se celebrou tal paschoa como esta desde os dias dos juizes que julgaram a Israel, nem em todos os dias dos reis d'Israel, nem tão pouco dos reis de Judah.

23Porém no anno decimo oitavo do rei Josias esta paschoa se celebrou ao Senhor em Jerusalem.

24E tambem os adivinhos, e os feiticeiros, e os terafins, e os idolos, e todas as abominações que se viam na terra de Judah e em Jerusalem, os extirpou Josias, para confirmar as palavras da lei, que estavam escriptas no livro que o sacerdote Hilkias achara na casa do Senhor.

25E antes d'elle não houve rei similhante, que se convertesse ao Senhor com todo o seu coração, e com toda a sua alma, e com todas as suas forças, conforme toda a lei de Moysés: e depois d'elle nunca se levantou outro tal.

26Todavia o Senhor se não tornou do ardor da sua grande ira, com que ardia a sua ira contra Judah, por todas as provocações com que Manasseh o tinha provocado.

27E disse o Senhor: Tambem a Judah hei de tirar de diante da minha face, como tirei a Israel, e rejeitarei esta cidade de Jerusalem que elegi, como tambem a casa de que disse: Estará ali o meu nome.

28Ora o mais dos successos de Josias, e tudo quanto fez, porventura não está escripto no livro das chronicas dos reis de Judah?

29Nos seus dias subiu Pharaó Neco, rei do Egypto, contra o rei d'Assyria, ao rio Euphrates: e o rei Josias lhe foi ao encontro; e, vendo-o elle, o matou em Megiddo.

30E seus servos o levaram morto de Megiddo, e o trouxeram a Jerusalem, e o sepultaram na sua sepultura: e o povo da terra tomou a Joachaz, filho de Josias, e o ungiram, e o fizeram rei em logar de seu pae.

31Tinha Joachaz vinte e tres annos de edade quando começou a reinar, e tres mezes reinou em Jerusalem: e era o nome de sua mãe Hamutal, filha de Jeremias, de Libna.

32E fez o que parecia mal aos olhos do Senhor, conforme tudo o que fizeram seus paes.

33Porém Pharaó Neco o mandou prender em Ribla, em terra de Hamath, para que não reinasse em Jerusalem: e á terra impoz pena de cem talentos de prata e um talento de oiro.

34Tambem Pharaó Neco estabeleceu rei a Eliakim, filho de Josias, em logar de seu pae Josias, e lhe mudou o nome em Joaquim: porém a Joachaz tomou comsigo, e veiu ao Egypto e morreu ali.

35E Joaquim deu aquella prata e aquelle oiro a Pharaó; porém fintou a terra, para dar esse dinheiro conforme o mandado de Pharaó: a cada um segundo a sua avaliação demandou a prata e o oiro do povo da terra, para o dar a Pharaó Neco.

36Tinha Joaquim vinte e cinco annos de edade quando começou a reinar, e reinou onze annos em Jerusalem: e era o nome de sua mãe Zebuda, filha de Pedaia, de Ruma.

37E fez o que parecia mal aos olhos do Senhor, conforme tudo quanto fizeram seus paes.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Josiah publicly reads the Book of the Law and renews the covenant with God before all the people. He then carries out the most extensive religious reform in the history of Judah, tearing down pagan altars throughout the kingdom, including at Bethel, and celebrates the most complete Passover since the days of the judges. He dies in battle against Egypt at Megiddo.

Explanation

Josiah is described as the most faithful king in the history of Judah, unmatched before or after him in complete dedication to God's law 'with all his heart, with all his soul, and with all his might.' His reform does not stop in Judah but extends into the former territory of Israel, including the destruction of the altar at Bethel exactly as prophesied 300 years earlier (1 Kings 13). Despite all this, the text makes clear that the judgment already decreed against Judah because of Manasseh would not be reversed — showing that sincere national reform, though valuable and blessed, does not automatically erase the accumulated historical consequences of generations of sin.

Fun facts

  • Josiah's death at Megiddo, while trying to stop the Egyptian army's advance, was mourned so deeply that 2 Chronicles 35:25 records that the prophet Jeremiah composed special laments for him, and the national grief became a byword for mourning still referenced in Zechariah 12:11.
  • Megiddo, where Josiah died, is the very site whose Greek name, 'Armageddon,' would come to symbolize the final apocalyptic battle in Revelation 16:16 — a remarkable historical irony, given that one of the most righteous kings in biblical history died there.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. 2 Reis 23:1The king summons and gathers all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem for a decisive moment.
  2. 2 Reis 23:2Josiah goes up to the temple with all the people — the men of Judah, the residents of Jerusalem, the priests, the prophets, from the least to the greatest — and reads aloud the entire book of the covenant.
  3. 2 Reis 23:3Standing by the pillar, the king makes a covenant before the Lord to follow His commandments with his whole heart, and all the people commit themselves along with him.
  4. 2 Reis 23:4Josiah’s reform is the most thorough in the whole history of the kings of Judah: he removes the objects for Baal and Asherah and physically defiles the old altars, including the one at Bethel set up by Jeroboam centuries earlier. It is the direct fulfillment of the specific prophecy in 1 Kings chapter 13.
  5. 2 Reis 23:5Josiah removes the pagan priests appointed by earlier kings, who burned incense at the high places, to Baal, the sun, the moon, and the stars.
  6. 2 Reis 23:6He takes the Asherah pole out of the temple, carries it to the Kidron Valley, burns it, grinds it to dust, and scatters it over the graves of the common people — a deliberate dishonor.
  7. 2 Reis 23:7He tears down the quarters for male cult prostitution that stood inside the temple itself, where women wove garments for Asherah.
  8. 2 Reis 23:8Josiah brings all the priests from the towns of Judah to Jerusalem and defiles the high places from Geba to Beersheba, tearing down the gate shrines as well.
  9. 2 Reis 23:9The priests of the high places are not allowed to serve at the Lord’s altar in Jerusalem, but they are still permitted to eat unleavened bread with the other priests.
  10. 2 Reis 23:10Josiah defiles Topheth, in the Valley of Ben-hinnom, so that no one could ever again sacrifice a son or daughter in the fire to Molech there.
  11. 2 Reis 23:11He removes the horses dedicated to the sun that earlier kings had set up at the entrance of the temple, and burns the chariots of the sun.
  12. 2 Reis 23:12Josiah tears down the altars Ahaz had built on the roof and the ones Manasseh made in the courts of the temple, grinding it all to dust thrown into the Kidron Valley.
  13. 2 Reis 23:13He even defiles the high places east of Jerusalem that Solomon himself had built for foreign gods centuries before — the reform corrects even the mistakes of Israel’s wisest king.
  14. 2 Reis 23:14Josiah smashes the sacred pillars, cuts down the Asherah poles, and fills those places with human bones — the ultimate dishonor for a once-idolatrous space.
  15. 2 Reis 23:15He also tears down the altar at Bethel built by the first Jeroboam, the starting point of the northern kingdom’s idolatry, burning it and grinding it all to dust.
  16. 2 Reis 23:16On identifying the tomb of the prophet who had foretold exactly this reform, Josiah orders that no one disturb his bones or those of the old prophet buried beside him. It is a specific gesture of respect amid a general destruction of the graves of idolatrous priests.
  17. 2 Reis 23:17On seeing a different monument, Josiah asks what it is; he is told it is the tomb of the man of God who foretold, long before, exactly these actions against the altar of Bethel.
  18. 2 Reis 23:18Josiah orders that this particular tomb be left untouched, letting the bones rest alongside those of the old prophet of Samaria involved in the same ancient story.
  19. 2 Reis 23:19Josiah also removes all the shrines of the high places in the towns of Samaria (the former northern kingdom), doing there the same thing he did at Bethel.
  20. 2 Reis 23:20He slaughters all the priests of those high places on their own altars and burns human bones there, before returning to Jerusalem — a purge that reaches even into the territory of the former Israel.
  21. 2 Reis 23:21The text states that no Passover had been kept that way since the days before the kings themselves. It is a way of marking Josiah’s reform as a return to practices so ancient they had almost been forgotten entirely.
  22. 2 Reis 23:22No Passover like this one had been kept since the days of the judges, nor during the whole reign of the kings of Israel or Judah — a celebration without precedent.
  23. 2 Reis 23:23This Passover takes place in the eighteenth year of Josiah, in Jerusalem, together with the rest of the reform.
  24. 2 Reis 23:24Josiah also does away with mediums, spiritists, household idols, and other detestable practices, carrying out to the letter the words of the Law found in the temple.
  25. 2 Reis 23:25No king before or after him turned to the Lord so completely, with all his heart, soul, and strength, according to the whole Law of Moses — the highest praise given to any king in the book.
  26. 2 Reis 23:26Even so, the Lord does not turn away from His great anger against Judah (the south) because of everything Manasseh had provoked — Josiah’s reform comes too late to reverse the judgment.
  27. 2 Reis 23:27The Lord declares that He will also remove Judah from His presence, just as He did with Israel, rejecting Jerusalem and even the temple itself.
  28. 2 Reis 23:28The closing formula for Josiah points to the chronicles of the kings of Judah (the southern kingdom).
  29. 2 Reis 23:29Josiah dies in battle against an Egyptian army that was not even marching to attack Judah, but passing through to help Assyria against the rising Babylon. It is a death many readers find unsettling precisely because it strikes down the most praised king in the book in the middle of a war that was not really his own.
  30. 2 Reis 23:30Josiah’s servants carry his dead body from Megiddo to Jerusalem for burial; the people anoint his son Jehoahaz as the new king.
  31. 2 Reis 23:31Jehoahaz was twenty-three years old when he began to reign, and stayed only three months in Jerusalem; his mother’s name was Hamutal, daughter of Jeremiah, of Libnah.
  32. 2 Reis 23:32Jehoahaz also does what is evil, repeating the pattern of his ancestors.
  33. 2 Reis 23:33Pharaoh Necho imprisons Jehoahaz at Riblah to keep him from continuing to reign in Jerusalem, and also imposes a heavy tribute of silver and gold on the land.
  34. 2 Reis 23:34Pharaoh Necho puts Eliakim on the throne in his place, changing his name to Jehoiakim, and takes Jehoahaz away captive to Egypt, where he dies.
  35. 2 Reis 23:35Jehoiakim pays the tribute to Pharaoh by taxing the people of the land, collecting silver and gold from each according to his means.
  36. 2 Reis 23:36Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and stayed eleven years in Jerusalem; his mother’s name was Zebudah, daughter of Pedaiah, of Rumah.
  37. 2 Reis 23:37Jehoiakim also does what is evil, following the same pattern of his ancestors that the book has kept repeating.

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