Deuteronomy 17

KJV · Chapter 17/34

1Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the Lord thy God any bullock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfavouredness: for that is an abomination unto the Lord thy God.

2If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the Lord thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the Lord thy God, in transgressing his covenant,

3And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;

4And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel:

5Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.

6At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.

7The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.

8If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the Lord thy God shall choose;

9And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew thee the sentence of judgment:

10And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the Lord shall choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee:

11According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left.

12And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the Lord thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel.

13And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously.

14When thou art come unto the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me;

15Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the Lord thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother.

16But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the Lord hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.

17Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold.

18And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites:

19And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the Lord his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them:

20That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.

📖 Chapter study

Summary

Moses establishes judicial procedures for difficult cases, to be decided by priests and judges at a central tribunal, and presents the first law concerning Israel's monarchy — anticipating that the people would ask for a king, but limiting his power so that he would not accumulate excessive horses, wives, or wealth, and requiring him to copy and read the Law personally every day.

Explanation

It is remarkable that the Law foresees and regulates Israel's future monarchy centuries before it actually existed (it would only become reality with Saul, about 300 years later), showing a long-range prophetic vision of the nation's political structure. The specific limits placed on royal power — no excessive cavalry, no extensive harem, no disproportionate accumulated wealth — were aimed at preventing precisely the abuses of power common among kings of the ancient Near East, and would later be tragically violated by Solomon himself, generations afterward (1 Kings 11). The requirement that the king keep and personally read his own copy of the Law 'all the days of his life' established a revolutionary principle: even the highest ruler was subject to the same law that governed the common people, not above it.

Fun facts

  • The prophecy that Israel would ask for a king 'like as all the nations that are about me' (v. 14) would be fulfilled almost literally centuries later in 1 Samuel 8:5, when the people make that exact request to Samuel using very similar words.
  • The requirement that the king personally write out his own copy of the Law (v. 18) is one of the earliest biblical examples of constitutional limitation of political power through an accessible, binding written text — a remarkably advanced concept for its time.

Verse-by-verse explanation

  1. Deuteronomy 17:1It repeats the quality requirement for sacrifices: no animal with a defect may be offered, because that would be an abomination to God.
  2. Deuteronomy 17:2It addresses the case of someone found practicing idolatry within one of the towns of Israel.
  3. Deuteronomy 17:3It details the kind of idolatry forbidden: serving other gods, or even worshiping the sun, the moon, and the stars — none of which God ever commanded.
  4. Deuteronomy 17:4Before any punishment, the report had to be carefully investigated to confirm whether it was really true.
  5. Deuteronomy 17:5Once the case was confirmed, the penalty was public stoning, carried out at the gates of the town.
  6. Deuteronomy 17:6Requiring two or three witnesses for a death sentence, never just one, is a rare procedural safeguard for the time: a single accusation, however serious, was not enough to take someone’s life.
  7. Deuteronomy 17:7Just as in chapter 13, the one who brings the accusation must be the first to carry out the penalty, followed by the rest of the people.
  8. Deuteronomy 17:8It provides for legal cases too complex for the local judges to settle, which were to be brought up to the central sanctuary.
  9. Deuteronomy 17:9There, the Levitical priests and the judge in office at the time would give the final ruling on the difficult case.
  10. Deuteronomy 17:10The ruling coming from the place God chose was to be followed exactly, without question.
  11. Deuteronomy 17:11It reinforces the duty to follow exactly what the priests and judges taught, turning aside neither to the right nor to the left.
  12. Deuteronomy 17:12Whoever arrogantly disobeyed that official ruling was to be condemned to death, as a way of purging that rebellion from among the people.
  13. Deuteronomy 17:13The purpose of this severe punishment is, once again, to serve as a public example to deter others from the same arrogance.
  14. Deuteronomy 17:14When the people would ask for a king, the law already limits his power in advance: he may not accumulate many horses, many wives, or much silver and gold. It’s a rare restriction for the time, written even before Israel had its first king.
  15. Deuteronomy 17:15If the people asked for a king, the condition was that he be chosen by God and come from among their own people, never a foreigner.
  16. Deuteronomy 17:16It limits the future king’s power: he is forbidden to accumulate many horses, especially if doing so meant sending people back to Egypt to get them.
  17. Deuteronomy 17:17It also forbids multiplying wives, because of the risk of turning the king’s heart away, and limits the excessive accumulation of silver and gold.
  18. Deuteronomy 17:18The king himself had to copy out the law by hand and read it every day: he was not above the law, but subject to it like any other Israelite, at least on paper.
  19. Deuteronomy 17:19Once he was king, he was to read this copy of the law every day, to learn to fear God and keep the commandments.
  20. Deuteronomy 17:20The purpose of the daily reading is to prevent arrogance and straying from the law, ensuring a long reign for him and his descendants.

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